Vaginal colonization and vertical transmission of Candida species: prevalence and associated factors among pregnant women and their neonates at public health facilities of Northeast Ethiopia
Abstract Background Vaginal colonization by Candida can lead to vulvovaginal candidiasis, which is the second most prevalent vaginal condition globally. It is frequently associated with sepsis and adverse neonatal outcomes in pregnant women. This issue is worsening in Sub-Saharan Africa, including E...
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2025-01-01
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| Series: | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-024-07103-9 |
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| author | Alemu Gedefie Getnet Shimeles Hilina Motbainor Brhanu Kassanew Chalachew Genet |
| author_facet | Alemu Gedefie Getnet Shimeles Hilina Motbainor Brhanu Kassanew Chalachew Genet |
| author_sort | Alemu Gedefie |
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| description | Abstract Background Vaginal colonization by Candida can lead to vulvovaginal candidiasis, which is the second most prevalent vaginal condition globally. It is frequently associated with sepsis and adverse neonatal outcomes in pregnant women. This issue is worsening in Sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia. However, evidence of the existing problem is very scarce yet crucial. Thus, this study aimed to determine the vaginal colonization and vertical transmission of Candida species and their associated factors among pregnant women and their neonates in public health facilities of northeast Ethiopia. Methods A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted at selected public health facilities in Dessie town from April 1 to June 30, 2023, among 348 pregnant women and their newborns, using convenience sampling techniques. Socio-demographic, and clinical-related data were collected using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire. Vaginal swab samples from pregnant women and pooled swabs from the external ear, nasal area, and umbilical areas of the newborns were collected and transported using Amies transport media. The samples were inoculated into Sabouraud Dextrose Agar for isolation, followed by inoculation onto a standard CHROM agar Candida plate for species identification, and a germ-tube test confirmed pseudophyphae of C.albicans. Data was entered into Epi Data version 4.6.0 software and exported and analyzed by SPSS version 25.0. A stepwise logistic regression model was used to identify the associated factors. Variables with p < 0.05 and their 95% confidence interval were considered statistically significant. Result A total of 348 pregnant women attending vaginal delivery were included in the study. The maternal and neonatal colonization rates of Candida species were 14.1% (49/348) and 6.3% (22/348), respectively. The overall proportion of vertical transmission of Candida species was 44.9% (22/49, 95% CI: 41.2, 49.7). Among Candida isolates, 63.3% (31/49) were C. albicans and 36.7% (18/49) were C. krusei. Gestational diabetes mellitus (AOR: 4.2, 95% CI: 1.23–38.6, P = 0.047) and HIV (AOR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.11–6.12, P = 0.049) were independently associated with maternal colonization of Candida species. Moreover, rural residence (AOR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.37–9.5, P = 0.010) and maternal age above 28 years (AOR = 2.39, 95% CI: 1.97–5.89, P = 0.048) were independently associated with vertical transmission of Candida species. Conclusion The findings of this study highlight the need for effective screening and treatment of Candida colonization during antenatal care. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-918310ced6bc45978fa447655a7282ae |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1471-2393 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| series | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth |
| spelling | doaj-art-918310ced6bc45978fa447655a7282ae2025-01-12T12:43:51ZengBMCBMC Pregnancy and Childbirth1471-23932025-01-0125111310.1186/s12884-024-07103-9Vaginal colonization and vertical transmission of Candida species: prevalence and associated factors among pregnant women and their neonates at public health facilities of Northeast EthiopiaAlemu Gedefie0Getnet Shimeles1Hilina Motbainor2Brhanu Kassanew3Chalachew Genet4Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo UniversityDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar UniversityDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar UniversityDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Woldia UniversityDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar UniversityAbstract Background Vaginal colonization by Candida can lead to vulvovaginal candidiasis, which is the second most prevalent vaginal condition globally. It is frequently associated with sepsis and adverse neonatal outcomes in pregnant women. This issue is worsening in Sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia. However, evidence of the existing problem is very scarce yet crucial. Thus, this study aimed to determine the vaginal colonization and vertical transmission of Candida species and their associated factors among pregnant women and their neonates in public health facilities of northeast Ethiopia. Methods A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted at selected public health facilities in Dessie town from April 1 to June 30, 2023, among 348 pregnant women and their newborns, using convenience sampling techniques. Socio-demographic, and clinical-related data were collected using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire. Vaginal swab samples from pregnant women and pooled swabs from the external ear, nasal area, and umbilical areas of the newborns were collected and transported using Amies transport media. The samples were inoculated into Sabouraud Dextrose Agar for isolation, followed by inoculation onto a standard CHROM agar Candida plate for species identification, and a germ-tube test confirmed pseudophyphae of C.albicans. Data was entered into Epi Data version 4.6.0 software and exported and analyzed by SPSS version 25.0. A stepwise logistic regression model was used to identify the associated factors. Variables with p < 0.05 and their 95% confidence interval were considered statistically significant. Result A total of 348 pregnant women attending vaginal delivery were included in the study. The maternal and neonatal colonization rates of Candida species were 14.1% (49/348) and 6.3% (22/348), respectively. The overall proportion of vertical transmission of Candida species was 44.9% (22/49, 95% CI: 41.2, 49.7). Among Candida isolates, 63.3% (31/49) were C. albicans and 36.7% (18/49) were C. krusei. Gestational diabetes mellitus (AOR: 4.2, 95% CI: 1.23–38.6, P = 0.047) and HIV (AOR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.11–6.12, P = 0.049) were independently associated with maternal colonization of Candida species. Moreover, rural residence (AOR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.37–9.5, P = 0.010) and maternal age above 28 years (AOR = 2.39, 95% CI: 1.97–5.89, P = 0.048) were independently associated with vertical transmission of Candida species. Conclusion The findings of this study highlight the need for effective screening and treatment of Candida colonization during antenatal care.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-024-07103-9CandidaEthiopiaNeonatal colonizationPregnant womenVaginal colonizationVertical Transmission |
| spellingShingle | Alemu Gedefie Getnet Shimeles Hilina Motbainor Brhanu Kassanew Chalachew Genet Vaginal colonization and vertical transmission of Candida species: prevalence and associated factors among pregnant women and their neonates at public health facilities of Northeast Ethiopia BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth Candida Ethiopia Neonatal colonization Pregnant women Vaginal colonization Vertical Transmission |
| title | Vaginal colonization and vertical transmission of Candida species: prevalence and associated factors among pregnant women and their neonates at public health facilities of Northeast Ethiopia |
| title_full | Vaginal colonization and vertical transmission of Candida species: prevalence and associated factors among pregnant women and their neonates at public health facilities of Northeast Ethiopia |
| title_fullStr | Vaginal colonization and vertical transmission of Candida species: prevalence and associated factors among pregnant women and their neonates at public health facilities of Northeast Ethiopia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vaginal colonization and vertical transmission of Candida species: prevalence and associated factors among pregnant women and their neonates at public health facilities of Northeast Ethiopia |
| title_short | Vaginal colonization and vertical transmission of Candida species: prevalence and associated factors among pregnant women and their neonates at public health facilities of Northeast Ethiopia |
| title_sort | vaginal colonization and vertical transmission of candida species prevalence and associated factors among pregnant women and their neonates at public health facilities of northeast ethiopia |
| topic | Candida Ethiopia Neonatal colonization Pregnant women Vaginal colonization Vertical Transmission |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-024-07103-9 |
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