Oceanic Control on the Long‐Term Intensification of Extreme Tropical Cyclone‐Induced Sea Surface Cooling

Abstract Tropical cyclone (TC)‐induced sea surface temperature cooling (TCC) has both local and basin‐scale effects, but the roles of upper ocean conditions and TC intensity in its long‐term variability remain unclear in the Northwest Pacific (NWP). This study finds that annual cumulative basin‐scal...

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Main Authors: Haoyu Zhang, Han Zhang, Yu Liu, Kai Yu, Dake Chen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Wiley 2025-07-01
Series:Geophysical Research Letters
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL115192
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author Haoyu Zhang
Han Zhang
Yu Liu
Kai Yu
Dake Chen
author_facet Haoyu Zhang
Han Zhang
Yu Liu
Kai Yu
Dake Chen
author_sort Haoyu Zhang
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Tropical cyclone (TC)‐induced sea surface temperature cooling (TCC) has both local and basin‐scale effects, but the roles of upper ocean conditions and TC intensity in its long‐term variability remain unclear in the Northwest Pacific (NWP). This study finds that annual cumulative basin‐scale TCC has increased (21.51 ± 6.41°C/yr), driven primarily by enhanced TCC in the western coastal and mid‐latitude regions north of 20°N (39.26 ± 6.67°C/yr), while a decreasing trend is observed south of 20°N (−17.75 ± 4.42°C/yr). At the local scale, TCC has intensified (0.08 ± 0.01°C/decade), with extreme events (top 95%) increasing even more (0.09 ± 0.01°C/decade). The probability of typical TCC (>1°C) has almost doubled over the last four decades, and the TCC distribution has shifted rightward, reflecting stronger TCC. These trends are primarily driven by changes in ocean stratification, with variations in TC intensity playing a secondary role.
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series Geophysical Research Letters
spelling doaj-art-915375494cb5495e9c60816ae2fbd6dd2025-08-20T02:56:24ZengWileyGeophysical Research Letters0094-82761944-80072025-07-015213n/an/a10.1029/2025GL115192Oceanic Control on the Long‐Term Intensification of Extreme Tropical Cyclone‐Induced Sea Surface CoolingHaoyu Zhang0Han Zhang1Yu Liu2Kai Yu3Dake Chen4School of Oceanography Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai ChinaState Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics Second Institute of Oceanography Ministry of Natural Resources Hangzhou ChinaSouthern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) Zhuhai ChinaKey Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting Ministry of Natural Resources Hohai University Nanjing ChinaSchool of Oceanography Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai ChinaAbstract Tropical cyclone (TC)‐induced sea surface temperature cooling (TCC) has both local and basin‐scale effects, but the roles of upper ocean conditions and TC intensity in its long‐term variability remain unclear in the Northwest Pacific (NWP). This study finds that annual cumulative basin‐scale TCC has increased (21.51 ± 6.41°C/yr), driven primarily by enhanced TCC in the western coastal and mid‐latitude regions north of 20°N (39.26 ± 6.67°C/yr), while a decreasing trend is observed south of 20°N (−17.75 ± 4.42°C/yr). At the local scale, TCC has intensified (0.08 ± 0.01°C/decade), with extreme events (top 95%) increasing even more (0.09 ± 0.01°C/decade). The probability of typical TCC (>1°C) has almost doubled over the last four decades, and the TCC distribution has shifted rightward, reflecting stronger TCC. These trends are primarily driven by changes in ocean stratification, with variations in TC intensity playing a secondary role.https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL115192tropical cyclonescold wakesair‐sea interactioncooling inhibition indexpotential intensityrelative importance
spellingShingle Haoyu Zhang
Han Zhang
Yu Liu
Kai Yu
Dake Chen
Oceanic Control on the Long‐Term Intensification of Extreme Tropical Cyclone‐Induced Sea Surface Cooling
Geophysical Research Letters
tropical cyclones
cold wakes
air‐sea interaction
cooling inhibition index
potential intensity
relative importance
title Oceanic Control on the Long‐Term Intensification of Extreme Tropical Cyclone‐Induced Sea Surface Cooling
title_full Oceanic Control on the Long‐Term Intensification of Extreme Tropical Cyclone‐Induced Sea Surface Cooling
title_fullStr Oceanic Control on the Long‐Term Intensification of Extreme Tropical Cyclone‐Induced Sea Surface Cooling
title_full_unstemmed Oceanic Control on the Long‐Term Intensification of Extreme Tropical Cyclone‐Induced Sea Surface Cooling
title_short Oceanic Control on the Long‐Term Intensification of Extreme Tropical Cyclone‐Induced Sea Surface Cooling
title_sort oceanic control on the long term intensification of extreme tropical cyclone induced sea surface cooling
topic tropical cyclones
cold wakes
air‐sea interaction
cooling inhibition index
potential intensity
relative importance
url https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL115192
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AT yuliu oceaniccontrolonthelongtermintensificationofextremetropicalcycloneinducedseasurfacecooling
AT kaiyu oceaniccontrolonthelongtermintensificationofextremetropicalcycloneinducedseasurfacecooling
AT dakechen oceaniccontrolonthelongtermintensificationofextremetropicalcycloneinducedseasurfacecooling