Dynamic bandwidth allocation in time division multiplexed passive optical networks: a dual-standard analysis of ITU-T and IEEE standard algorithms
In the last 25 years, operators have effectively established passive optical networks (PONs), catering to around 1 billion users and earning income surpassing 8.5 billion Euros. Major standardization bodies like IEEE and ITU-T have introduced several PON solutions to mitigate last-mile broadband acc...
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| Format: | Article |
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PeerJ Inc.
2025-05-01
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| Series: | PeerJ Computer Science |
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| Online Access: | https://peerj.com/articles/cs-2863.pdf |
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| author | Kamran Ali Memon Syed Saeed Jaffer Muhammad Ali Qureshi Khurram Karim Qureshi |
| author_facet | Kamran Ali Memon Syed Saeed Jaffer Muhammad Ali Qureshi Khurram Karim Qureshi |
| author_sort | Kamran Ali Memon |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In the last 25 years, operators have effectively established passive optical networks (PONs), catering to around 1 billion users and earning income surpassing 8.5 billion Euros. Major standardization bodies like IEEE and ITU-T have introduced several PON solutions to mitigate last-mile broadband access and bandwidth allocation problems for end users. In this case, a compelling dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithm can provide contention-free access (fairness) to the end user for the upstream channel with high bandwidth efficiency, minimal upstream delays, and scalability. This, in turn, boosts network quality of service (QoS) and allows operators to accommodate more users (revenue). This article examines the evolution of time-division multiplexed PON solutions such as A/BPON, EPON, GPON, XGPON, 10G-EPON, and NG-PON2 under both IEEE and ITU-T standards, addressing their approaches to DBA challenges. We analyze the bottlenecks and compare reported works based on their key strengths/applications, weaknesses, and operational mechanisms, as well as highlight their quantitative insights. We also discuss next-generation PONs (NG-PONs) and their emerging applications, such as 5G/6G fronthaul architecture in the cloud radio access network (CRAN) environment, fiber to the room (FTTR), and industrial PON, with a focus on DBA designs. Finally, the article summarizes current progress, highlights challenges, and proposes future research directions for developing more efficient DBA algorithms for these new applications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9117487f573e4fdb916ad799450d36ee |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2376-5992 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | PeerJ Inc. |
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| series | PeerJ Computer Science |
| spelling | doaj-art-9117487f573e4fdb916ad799450d36ee2025-08-20T03:09:32ZengPeerJ Inc.PeerJ Computer Science2376-59922025-05-0111e286310.7717/peerj-cs.2863Dynamic bandwidth allocation in time division multiplexed passive optical networks: a dual-standard analysis of ITU-T and IEEE standard algorithmsKamran Ali Memon0Syed Saeed Jaffer1Muhammad Ali Qureshi2Khurram Karim Qureshi3Interdisciplinary Research Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Eastern Province, Saudi ArabiaInstitute of Industrial Electronics Engineering (IIEE), Karachi, PCSIR, PakistanDepartment of Information & Communication Engineering, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, PakistanInterdisciplinary Research Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Eastern Province, Saudi ArabiaIn the last 25 years, operators have effectively established passive optical networks (PONs), catering to around 1 billion users and earning income surpassing 8.5 billion Euros. Major standardization bodies like IEEE and ITU-T have introduced several PON solutions to mitigate last-mile broadband access and bandwidth allocation problems for end users. In this case, a compelling dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithm can provide contention-free access (fairness) to the end user for the upstream channel with high bandwidth efficiency, minimal upstream delays, and scalability. This, in turn, boosts network quality of service (QoS) and allows operators to accommodate more users (revenue). This article examines the evolution of time-division multiplexed PON solutions such as A/BPON, EPON, GPON, XGPON, 10G-EPON, and NG-PON2 under both IEEE and ITU-T standards, addressing their approaches to DBA challenges. We analyze the bottlenecks and compare reported works based on their key strengths/applications, weaknesses, and operational mechanisms, as well as highlight their quantitative insights. We also discuss next-generation PONs (NG-PONs) and their emerging applications, such as 5G/6G fronthaul architecture in the cloud radio access network (CRAN) environment, fiber to the room (FTTR), and industrial PON, with a focus on DBA designs. Finally, the article summarizes current progress, highlights challenges, and proposes future research directions for developing more efficient DBA algorithms for these new applications.https://peerj.com/articles/cs-2863.pdfTDMUpstreamDynamic bandwidth allocation algorithmsPassive optical networks (PON)Throughput5G fronthaul architecture |
| spellingShingle | Kamran Ali Memon Syed Saeed Jaffer Muhammad Ali Qureshi Khurram Karim Qureshi Dynamic bandwidth allocation in time division multiplexed passive optical networks: a dual-standard analysis of ITU-T and IEEE standard algorithms PeerJ Computer Science TDM Upstream Dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithms Passive optical networks (PON) Throughput 5G fronthaul architecture |
| title | Dynamic bandwidth allocation in time division multiplexed passive optical networks: a dual-standard analysis of ITU-T and IEEE standard algorithms |
| title_full | Dynamic bandwidth allocation in time division multiplexed passive optical networks: a dual-standard analysis of ITU-T and IEEE standard algorithms |
| title_fullStr | Dynamic bandwidth allocation in time division multiplexed passive optical networks: a dual-standard analysis of ITU-T and IEEE standard algorithms |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dynamic bandwidth allocation in time division multiplexed passive optical networks: a dual-standard analysis of ITU-T and IEEE standard algorithms |
| title_short | Dynamic bandwidth allocation in time division multiplexed passive optical networks: a dual-standard analysis of ITU-T and IEEE standard algorithms |
| title_sort | dynamic bandwidth allocation in time division multiplexed passive optical networks a dual standard analysis of itu t and ieee standard algorithms |
| topic | TDM Upstream Dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithms Passive optical networks (PON) Throughput 5G fronthaul architecture |
| url | https://peerj.com/articles/cs-2863.pdf |
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