Suppression of Cr nanoclusters and enrichments in Fe–Cr based alloys with cryogenic processing for future energy sector

This study investigates the effect of cryogenic processing (CP) on the microstructure and properties of a steel, Eurofer97, being considered for application in the energy sector - fusion. Relatively simple microstructural tailoring with CP provides a novel route to advanced steels for the energy sec...

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Main Authors: Matic Jovičević-Klug, Carlo Alberto Brondin, Antonio Caretta, Carsten Bonnekoh, Florian Gossing, Alexandra Vogel, Michael Rieth, Jeffrey McCord, Michael Rohwerder, Patricia Jovičević-Klug
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-05-01
Series:Journal of Materials Research and Technology
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785425013328
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author Matic Jovičević-Klug
Carlo Alberto Brondin
Antonio Caretta
Carsten Bonnekoh
Florian Gossing
Alexandra Vogel
Michael Rieth
Jeffrey McCord
Michael Rohwerder
Patricia Jovičević-Klug
author_facet Matic Jovičević-Klug
Carlo Alberto Brondin
Antonio Caretta
Carsten Bonnekoh
Florian Gossing
Alexandra Vogel
Michael Rieth
Jeffrey McCord
Michael Rohwerder
Patricia Jovičević-Klug
author_sort Matic Jovičević-Klug
collection DOAJ
description This study investigates the effect of cryogenic processing (CP) on the microstructure and properties of a steel, Eurofer97, being considered for application in the energy sector - fusion. Relatively simple microstructural tailoring with CP provides a novel route to advanced steels for the energy sector, utilizing existing alloys and chemistry. The resulting microstructural changes provide improved microhardness of the material and altered micro-residual stresses to a more compressive nature. The study shows that CP modifies the microstructural evolution immediately after application and during tempering. Magnetic characterisation was carried out using magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) microscopy, a versatile technique for imaging magnetic domains and evaluating the behaviour of magnetic materials. Temperature-dependent magneto-optical characterizations were carried out in ultra-high vacuum MOKE, ranging from cryogenic to elevated temperatures, to avoid thermal-induced reactions in ambient pressure. The combined investigation of magnetic properties and microstructural features elucidates the clear formation of carbides over intermetallic enrichment zones that stabilizes the microstructure. This pioneering work carried out provides important research for the application of CP for the development of next generation metallic materials for current and future energy sectors.
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spelling doaj-art-90c45495f6e84bbea80fae69a0ed3ccb2025-08-20T03:53:52ZengElsevierJournal of Materials Research and Technology2238-78542025-05-01369262927310.1016/j.jmrt.2025.05.176Suppression of Cr nanoclusters and enrichments in Fe–Cr based alloys with cryogenic processing for future energy sectorMatic Jovičević-Klug0Carlo Alberto Brondin1Antonio Caretta2Carsten Bonnekoh3Florian Gossing4Alexandra Vogel5Michael Rieth6Jeffrey McCord7Michael Rohwerder8Patricia Jovičević-Klug9Max Planck Institute for Sustainable Materials GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, GermanyIstituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 34149, Trieste, ItalyElettra- Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A, Strada Statale 14 - km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149, Basovizza, ItalyInstitute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, GermanyNanoscale Magnetic Materials, Institute of Materials Science, Kiel University Kaiserstraße 2, 24143, Kiel, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Sustainable Materials GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, GermanyInstitute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, GermanyNanoscale Magnetic Materials, Institute of Materials Science, Kiel University Kaiserstraße 2, 24143, Kiel, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Sustainable Materials GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Sustainable Materials GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany; Alexander von Humboldt PostDoc Research Fellow, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Jean-Paul-Straße 12, 53173, Bonn, Germany; Corresponding author. Max Planck Institute for Sustainable Materials GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.This study investigates the effect of cryogenic processing (CP) on the microstructure and properties of a steel, Eurofer97, being considered for application in the energy sector - fusion. Relatively simple microstructural tailoring with CP provides a novel route to advanced steels for the energy sector, utilizing existing alloys and chemistry. The resulting microstructural changes provide improved microhardness of the material and altered micro-residual stresses to a more compressive nature. The study shows that CP modifies the microstructural evolution immediately after application and during tempering. Magnetic characterisation was carried out using magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) microscopy, a versatile technique for imaging magnetic domains and evaluating the behaviour of magnetic materials. Temperature-dependent magneto-optical characterizations were carried out in ultra-high vacuum MOKE, ranging from cryogenic to elevated temperatures, to avoid thermal-induced reactions in ambient pressure. The combined investigation of magnetic properties and microstructural features elucidates the clear formation of carbides over intermetallic enrichment zones that stabilizes the microstructure. This pioneering work carried out provides important research for the application of CP for the development of next generation metallic materials for current and future energy sectors.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785425013328Fe–Cr alloyCryogenic processingCr clustersMicro-residual stressMagnetismMechanical behaviour
spellingShingle Matic Jovičević-Klug
Carlo Alberto Brondin
Antonio Caretta
Carsten Bonnekoh
Florian Gossing
Alexandra Vogel
Michael Rieth
Jeffrey McCord
Michael Rohwerder
Patricia Jovičević-Klug
Suppression of Cr nanoclusters and enrichments in Fe–Cr based alloys with cryogenic processing for future energy sector
Journal of Materials Research and Technology
Fe–Cr alloy
Cryogenic processing
Cr clusters
Micro-residual stress
Magnetism
Mechanical behaviour
title Suppression of Cr nanoclusters and enrichments in Fe–Cr based alloys with cryogenic processing for future energy sector
title_full Suppression of Cr nanoclusters and enrichments in Fe–Cr based alloys with cryogenic processing for future energy sector
title_fullStr Suppression of Cr nanoclusters and enrichments in Fe–Cr based alloys with cryogenic processing for future energy sector
title_full_unstemmed Suppression of Cr nanoclusters and enrichments in Fe–Cr based alloys with cryogenic processing for future energy sector
title_short Suppression of Cr nanoclusters and enrichments in Fe–Cr based alloys with cryogenic processing for future energy sector
title_sort suppression of cr nanoclusters and enrichments in fe cr based alloys with cryogenic processing for future energy sector
topic Fe–Cr alloy
Cryogenic processing
Cr clusters
Micro-residual stress
Magnetism
Mechanical behaviour
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785425013328
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