Fine-grained forecasting of COVID-19 trends at the county level in the United States

Abstract The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has had a devastating global impact, profoundly affecting daily life, healthcare systems, and public health infrastructure. Despite the availability of treatments and vaccines, hospitalizations and deaths continue. Real-time surveillance of infectio...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Tzu-Hsi Song, Leonardo Clemente, Xiang Pan, Junbong Jang, Mauricio Santillana, Kwonmoo Lee
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-04-01
Series:npj Digital Medicine
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01606-1
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Summary:Abstract The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has had a devastating global impact, profoundly affecting daily life, healthcare systems, and public health infrastructure. Despite the availability of treatments and vaccines, hospitalizations and deaths continue. Real-time surveillance of infection trends supports resource allocation and mitigation strategies, but reliable forecasting remains a challenge. While deep learning has advanced time-series forecasting, its effectiveness relies on large datasets, a significant obstacle given the pandemic’s evolving nature. Most models use national or state-level data, limiting both dataset size and the granularity of insights. To address this, we propose the Fine-Grained Infection Forecast Network (FIGI-Net), a stacked bidirectional LSTM structure designed to leverage county-level data to produce daily forecasts up to two weeks in advance. FIGI-Net outperforms existing models, accurately predicting sudden changes such as new outbreaks or peaks, a capability many state-of-the-art models lack. This approach could enhance public health responses and outbreak preparedness.
ISSN:2398-6352