Dynamics and optimal control of fractional-order monkeypox epidemic model with social distancing habits and public awareness

In this article, we propose a fractional-order monkeypox epidemic model incorporating social distancing habits and public awareness. The model includes the addition of a protected compartment and a saturated transmission rate. We implement a power rescaling for the parameters of the proposed model t...

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Main Authors: Raqqasyi Rahmatullah Musafir, Agus Suryanto, Isnani Darti, Trisilowati
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-01-01
Series:Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine Update
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666990025000114
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author Raqqasyi Rahmatullah Musafir
Agus Suryanto
Isnani Darti
Trisilowati
author_facet Raqqasyi Rahmatullah Musafir
Agus Suryanto
Isnani Darti
Trisilowati
author_sort Raqqasyi Rahmatullah Musafir
collection DOAJ
description In this article, we propose a fractional-order monkeypox epidemic model incorporating social distancing habits and public awareness. The model includes the addition of a protected compartment and a saturated transmission rate. We implement a power rescaling for the parameters of the proposed model to ensure dimensional consistency. We have investigated the existence, uniqueness, nonnegativity, and boundedness of the solution. The model features monkeypox-free, human-endemic, and endemic equilibrium points, which depend on the order of derivative. The existence and stability of each equilibrium point have been analyzed locally and globally, depending on the basic reproduction number. Moreover, the basic reproduction number of the model also depends on the order of derivative. We carried out a case study using real data showing that the fractional-order model performs better than the first-order model in calibration and forecasting. Numerical simulations confirm the stability properties of each equilibrium point with respect to the specified parameter values. Numerical simulations also demonstrate that the social distancing habits can reduce monkeypox cases in the early stages, but do not significantly alter the basic reproduction number. Meanwhile, public awareness can substantially modify the basic reproduction number, shifting the endemic condition towards a disease-free state, although its impact on case reduction in the early period is not significant. We also implemented optimal control strategies for vector culling and vaccination in the proposed model. We have solved the optimal control problem, and the simulation results show that the combination of both controls yields the minimum cost with better effectiveness compared to the controls implemented separately.
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spelling doaj-art-90518a71d4f04a5689519b247763f02f2025-08-20T02:03:00ZengElsevierComputer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine Update2666-99002025-01-01710018710.1016/j.cmpbup.2025.100187Dynamics and optimal control of fractional-order monkeypox epidemic model with social distancing habits and public awarenessRaqqasyi Rahmatullah Musafir0Agus Suryanto1Isnani Darti2 Trisilowati3Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran Malang 65145, IndonesiaDepartment of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran Malang 65145, IndonesiaCorresponding author.; Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran Malang 65145, IndonesiaDepartment of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran Malang 65145, IndonesiaIn this article, we propose a fractional-order monkeypox epidemic model incorporating social distancing habits and public awareness. The model includes the addition of a protected compartment and a saturated transmission rate. We implement a power rescaling for the parameters of the proposed model to ensure dimensional consistency. We have investigated the existence, uniqueness, nonnegativity, and boundedness of the solution. The model features monkeypox-free, human-endemic, and endemic equilibrium points, which depend on the order of derivative. The existence and stability of each equilibrium point have been analyzed locally and globally, depending on the basic reproduction number. Moreover, the basic reproduction number of the model also depends on the order of derivative. We carried out a case study using real data showing that the fractional-order model performs better than the first-order model in calibration and forecasting. Numerical simulations confirm the stability properties of each equilibrium point with respect to the specified parameter values. Numerical simulations also demonstrate that the social distancing habits can reduce monkeypox cases in the early stages, but do not significantly alter the basic reproduction number. Meanwhile, public awareness can substantially modify the basic reproduction number, shifting the endemic condition towards a disease-free state, although its impact on case reduction in the early period is not significant. We also implemented optimal control strategies for vector culling and vaccination in the proposed model. We have solved the optimal control problem, and the simulation results show that the combination of both controls yields the minimum cost with better effectiveness compared to the controls implemented separately.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666990025000114Fractional-order modelMonkeypoxSocial distancingPublic awarenessOptimal control
spellingShingle Raqqasyi Rahmatullah Musafir
Agus Suryanto
Isnani Darti
Trisilowati
Dynamics and optimal control of fractional-order monkeypox epidemic model with social distancing habits and public awareness
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine Update
Fractional-order model
Monkeypox
Social distancing
Public awareness
Optimal control
title Dynamics and optimal control of fractional-order monkeypox epidemic model with social distancing habits and public awareness
title_full Dynamics and optimal control of fractional-order monkeypox epidemic model with social distancing habits and public awareness
title_fullStr Dynamics and optimal control of fractional-order monkeypox epidemic model with social distancing habits and public awareness
title_full_unstemmed Dynamics and optimal control of fractional-order monkeypox epidemic model with social distancing habits and public awareness
title_short Dynamics and optimal control of fractional-order monkeypox epidemic model with social distancing habits and public awareness
title_sort dynamics and optimal control of fractional order monkeypox epidemic model with social distancing habits and public awareness
topic Fractional-order model
Monkeypox
Social distancing
Public awareness
Optimal control
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666990025000114
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AT isnanidarti dynamicsandoptimalcontroloffractionalordermonkeypoxepidemicmodelwithsocialdistancinghabitsandpublicawareness
AT trisilowati dynamicsandoptimalcontroloffractionalordermonkeypoxepidemicmodelwithsocialdistancinghabitsandpublicawareness