Tracking free water in human body by magnetic resonance imaging: new insights on the network pathways

Water is the most indispensable material for life. Although extensive research has been carried out at the microscopic level, including studies focusing on transport and molecular effects, the macroscopic water system of the human body is still unclear. In this study, the distribution of free water...

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Main Authors: Lu Sun, Liting Wang, Le He, Changsong Liu, Fengshan Bai
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: The Royal Society 2025-06-01
Series:Royal Society Open Science
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Online Access:https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.250065
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author Lu Sun
Liting Wang
Le He
Changsong Liu
Fengshan Bai
author_facet Lu Sun
Liting Wang
Le He
Changsong Liu
Fengshan Bai
author_sort Lu Sun
collection DOAJ
description Water is the most indispensable material for life. Although extensive research has been carried out at the microscopic level, including studies focusing on transport and molecular effects, the macroscopic water system of the human body is still unclear. In this study, the distribution of free water in the human body under natural conditions was non-invasively depicted by magnetic resonance hydrography sequences. Spatial saturation technique was used to explore the dynamic properties of free water. Imaging and post-processing results reveal that abundant free water formed a macroscopic network consisting of interconnected pathways. The slow flow trajectories of some waterways were captured in the saturation band. The free-water channels enclosed or bordered the space around blood vessels and nerves or traversed the tissues. This spatial relationship is similar to the fluid flow patterns in the interstitial space in the periphery and the glymphatic system of the brain, suggesting potential physiological functions and pathological variations.
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institution DOAJ
issn 2054-5703
language English
publishDate 2025-06-01
publisher The Royal Society
record_format Article
series Royal Society Open Science
spelling doaj-art-904bd41de83c46589693b4a7f4c0e69f2025-08-20T03:10:06ZengThe Royal SocietyRoyal Society Open Science2054-57032025-06-0112610.1098/rsos.250065Tracking free water in human body by magnetic resonance imaging: new insights on the network pathwaysLu Sun0Liting Wang1Le He2Changsong Liu3Fengshan Bai4Department of Mathematical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of ChinaDepartment of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of ChinaDepartment of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of ChinaDepartment of Mathematical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of ChinaWater is the most indispensable material for life. Although extensive research has been carried out at the microscopic level, including studies focusing on transport and molecular effects, the macroscopic water system of the human body is still unclear. In this study, the distribution of free water in the human body under natural conditions was non-invasively depicted by magnetic resonance hydrography sequences. Spatial saturation technique was used to explore the dynamic properties of free water. Imaging and post-processing results reveal that abundant free water formed a macroscopic network consisting of interconnected pathways. The slow flow trajectories of some waterways were captured in the saturation band. The free-water channels enclosed or bordered the space around blood vessels and nerves or traversed the tissues. This spatial relationship is similar to the fluid flow patterns in the interstitial space in the periphery and the glymphatic system of the brain, suggesting potential physiological functions and pathological variations.https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.250065free waternetwork pathwaynon-invasivephysiological mechanisminterstitial space
spellingShingle Lu Sun
Liting Wang
Le He
Changsong Liu
Fengshan Bai
Tracking free water in human body by magnetic resonance imaging: new insights on the network pathways
Royal Society Open Science
free water
network pathway
non-invasive
physiological mechanism
interstitial space
title Tracking free water in human body by magnetic resonance imaging: new insights on the network pathways
title_full Tracking free water in human body by magnetic resonance imaging: new insights on the network pathways
title_fullStr Tracking free water in human body by magnetic resonance imaging: new insights on the network pathways
title_full_unstemmed Tracking free water in human body by magnetic resonance imaging: new insights on the network pathways
title_short Tracking free water in human body by magnetic resonance imaging: new insights on the network pathways
title_sort tracking free water in human body by magnetic resonance imaging new insights on the network pathways
topic free water
network pathway
non-invasive
physiological mechanism
interstitial space
url https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.250065
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AT litingwang trackingfreewaterinhumanbodybymagneticresonanceimagingnewinsightsonthenetworkpathways
AT lehe trackingfreewaterinhumanbodybymagneticresonanceimagingnewinsightsonthenetworkpathways
AT changsongliu trackingfreewaterinhumanbodybymagneticresonanceimagingnewinsightsonthenetworkpathways
AT fengshanbai trackingfreewaterinhumanbodybymagneticresonanceimagingnewinsightsonthenetworkpathways