Mutual Interactions Between Microbiota and the Human Immune System During the First 1000 Days of Life
The development of the human immune system starts during the fetal period in a largely, but probably not completely, sterile environment. During and after birth, the immune system is exposed to an increasingly complex microbiota. The first microbiota encountered during passage through the birth cana...
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MDPI AG
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Biology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/14/3/299 |
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| author | Muy Heang Tang Ishbel Ligthart Samuel Varga Sarah Lebeer Frans J. van Overveld Ger T. Rijkers |
| author_facet | Muy Heang Tang Ishbel Ligthart Samuel Varga Sarah Lebeer Frans J. van Overveld Ger T. Rijkers |
| author_sort | Muy Heang Tang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The development of the human immune system starts during the fetal period in a largely, but probably not completely, sterile environment. During and after birth, the immune system is exposed to an increasingly complex microbiota. The first microbiota encountered during passage through the birth canal colonize the infant gut and induce the tolerance of the immune system. Transplacentally derived maternal IgG as well as IgA from breast milk protect the infant from infections during the first 100 days, during which the immune system further develops and immunological memory is formed. The Weaning and introduction of solid food expose the immune system to novel (food) antigens and allow for other microbiota to colonize. The cells and molecules involved in the mutual and intricate interactions between microbiota and the developing immune system are now beginning to be recognized. These include bacterial components such as polysaccharide A from <i>Bacteroides fragilis</i>, as well as bacterial metabolites such as the short-chain fatty acid butyrate, indole-3-aldehyde, and indole-3-propionic acid. All these, and probably more, bacterial metabolites have specific immunoregulatory functions which shape the development of the human immune system during the first 1000 days of life. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-902f307397c84e109ba1339a814adf1a |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2079-7737 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Biology |
| spelling | doaj-art-902f307397c84e109ba1339a814adf1a2025-08-20T02:42:45ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372025-03-0114329910.3390/biology14030299Mutual Interactions Between Microbiota and the Human Immune System During the First 1000 Days of LifeMuy Heang Tang0Ishbel Ligthart1Samuel Varga2Sarah Lebeer3Frans J. van Overveld4Ger T. Rijkers5Department of Science and Engineering, University College Roosevelt, 4331 CB Middelburg, The NetherlandsDepartment of Science and Engineering, University College Roosevelt, 4331 CB Middelburg, The NetherlandsDepartment of Science and Engineering, University College Roosevelt, 4331 CB Middelburg, The NetherlandsLab of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerpen, BelgiumDepartment of Science and Engineering, University College Roosevelt, 4331 CB Middelburg, The NetherlandsDepartment of Science and Engineering, University College Roosevelt, 4331 CB Middelburg, The NetherlandsThe development of the human immune system starts during the fetal period in a largely, but probably not completely, sterile environment. During and after birth, the immune system is exposed to an increasingly complex microbiota. The first microbiota encountered during passage through the birth canal colonize the infant gut and induce the tolerance of the immune system. Transplacentally derived maternal IgG as well as IgA from breast milk protect the infant from infections during the first 100 days, during which the immune system further develops and immunological memory is formed. The Weaning and introduction of solid food expose the immune system to novel (food) antigens and allow for other microbiota to colonize. The cells and molecules involved in the mutual and intricate interactions between microbiota and the developing immune system are now beginning to be recognized. These include bacterial components such as polysaccharide A from <i>Bacteroides fragilis</i>, as well as bacterial metabolites such as the short-chain fatty acid butyrate, indole-3-aldehyde, and indole-3-propionic acid. All these, and probably more, bacterial metabolites have specific immunoregulatory functions which shape the development of the human immune system during the first 1000 days of life.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/14/3/299gut microbiotaneonatal immune systembacterial colonizationmode of deliveryprenatal deliveryshort-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) |
| spellingShingle | Muy Heang Tang Ishbel Ligthart Samuel Varga Sarah Lebeer Frans J. van Overveld Ger T. Rijkers Mutual Interactions Between Microbiota and the Human Immune System During the First 1000 Days of Life Biology gut microbiota neonatal immune system bacterial colonization mode of delivery prenatal delivery short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) |
| title | Mutual Interactions Between Microbiota and the Human Immune System During the First 1000 Days of Life |
| title_full | Mutual Interactions Between Microbiota and the Human Immune System During the First 1000 Days of Life |
| title_fullStr | Mutual Interactions Between Microbiota and the Human Immune System During the First 1000 Days of Life |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mutual Interactions Between Microbiota and the Human Immune System During the First 1000 Days of Life |
| title_short | Mutual Interactions Between Microbiota and the Human Immune System During the First 1000 Days of Life |
| title_sort | mutual interactions between microbiota and the human immune system during the first 1000 days of life |
| topic | gut microbiota neonatal immune system bacterial colonization mode of delivery prenatal delivery short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/14/3/299 |
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