Review article: Applicability and effectiveness of structural measures for subsidence (risk) reduction in urban areas

<p>Managing subsidence and its impacts on cities in coastal and delta areas is a global challenge that requires comprehensive risk reduction policies, including both mitigation and prevention strategies. Urban areas often lack systematic methodologies for determining appropriate countermeasure...

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Main Authors: N. Nappo, M. Korff
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Copernicus Publications 2025-06-01
Series:Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
Online Access:https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/25/1811/2025/nhess-25-1811-2025.pdf
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author N. Nappo
N. Nappo
M. Korff
M. Korff
author_facet N. Nappo
N. Nappo
M. Korff
M. Korff
author_sort N. Nappo
collection DOAJ
description <p>Managing subsidence and its impacts on cities in coastal and delta areas is a global challenge that requires comprehensive risk reduction policies, including both mitigation and prevention strategies. Urban areas often lack systematic methodologies for determining appropriate countermeasures. This paper proposes a twofold strategy for selecting subsidence reduction measures in urban areas – which refer to structural (i.e. technical) measures to prevent and mitigate subsidence and its physical consequences – based on their applicability and performance. The question-and-response (Q&amp;R) system serves as a decision tree to identify suitable subsidence countermeasures based on their applicability to specific cases. Four indicators of effectiveness – i.e. reduction potential, operational reliability, negative impact, and service life – are then used to assess the performance of subsidence reduction measures. The proposed procedure was applied to 49 cases derived from a review of 52 scientific publications and additional expert sessions and surveys involving 5 academic scholars and 13 experts. Also, the method was applied to examples from Shanghai (China), Jakarta (Indonesia), and the San Joaquin Valley (USA, California). The strategies proposed in this paper proved suitable for an initial screening of subsidence reduction measures applicable in different urban areas, after which a site-specific assessment can follow. Furthermore, this study shows the need to collect and share experiences in evaluating the performance of subsidence reduction measures more systematically and gives a first framework to do so.</p>
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series Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
spelling doaj-art-902e9be23bca4aa580bb196f8e2cc95a2025-08-20T02:01:58ZengCopernicus PublicationsNatural Hazards and Earth System Sciences1561-86331684-99812025-06-01251811183910.5194/nhess-25-1811-2025Review article: Applicability and effectiveness of structural measures for subsidence (risk) reduction in urban areasN. Nappo0N. Nappo1M. Korff2M. Korff3Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Technical University of Delft (TU Delft), Mekelweg 5, 2628 CD Delft, the NetherlandsDeltares, Boussinesqweg 1, 2629 HV Delft, the NetherlandsFaculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Technical University of Delft (TU Delft), Mekelweg 5, 2628 CD Delft, the NetherlandsDeltares, Boussinesqweg 1, 2629 HV Delft, the Netherlands<p>Managing subsidence and its impacts on cities in coastal and delta areas is a global challenge that requires comprehensive risk reduction policies, including both mitigation and prevention strategies. Urban areas often lack systematic methodologies for determining appropriate countermeasures. This paper proposes a twofold strategy for selecting subsidence reduction measures in urban areas – which refer to structural (i.e. technical) measures to prevent and mitigate subsidence and its physical consequences – based on their applicability and performance. The question-and-response (Q&amp;R) system serves as a decision tree to identify suitable subsidence countermeasures based on their applicability to specific cases. Four indicators of effectiveness – i.e. reduction potential, operational reliability, negative impact, and service life – are then used to assess the performance of subsidence reduction measures. The proposed procedure was applied to 49 cases derived from a review of 52 scientific publications and additional expert sessions and surveys involving 5 academic scholars and 13 experts. Also, the method was applied to examples from Shanghai (China), Jakarta (Indonesia), and the San Joaquin Valley (USA, California). The strategies proposed in this paper proved suitable for an initial screening of subsidence reduction measures applicable in different urban areas, after which a site-specific assessment can follow. Furthermore, this study shows the need to collect and share experiences in evaluating the performance of subsidence reduction measures more systematically and gives a first framework to do so.</p>https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/25/1811/2025/nhess-25-1811-2025.pdf
spellingShingle N. Nappo
N. Nappo
M. Korff
M. Korff
Review article: Applicability and effectiveness of structural measures for subsidence (risk) reduction in urban areas
Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
title Review article: Applicability and effectiveness of structural measures for subsidence (risk) reduction in urban areas
title_full Review article: Applicability and effectiveness of structural measures for subsidence (risk) reduction in urban areas
title_fullStr Review article: Applicability and effectiveness of structural measures for subsidence (risk) reduction in urban areas
title_full_unstemmed Review article: Applicability and effectiveness of structural measures for subsidence (risk) reduction in urban areas
title_short Review article: Applicability and effectiveness of structural measures for subsidence (risk) reduction in urban areas
title_sort review article applicability and effectiveness of structural measures for subsidence risk reduction in urban areas
url https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/25/1811/2025/nhess-25-1811-2025.pdf
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