Bioinformatics-based identification of CTSS, DOK2, and ENTPD1 as potential blood biomarkers of schizophrenia
Abstract Background Although schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that significantly impacts patients and society, there are currently no reliable blood-based biomarkers to assist in its diagnosis. The diagnosis primarily relies on clinical assessment and patient history, a method that is inher...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
BMC
2025-02-01
|
| Series: | BMC Psychiatry |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06512-0 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850190814438752256 |
|---|---|
| author | Lei Zhang Jiale Zhang Na Wang Chenwei Liu Shuting Wang Xiaotao Dong Lu Yang Xiaohong Bao Xiaobo Nie Jicheng Li |
| author_facet | Lei Zhang Jiale Zhang Na Wang Chenwei Liu Shuting Wang Xiaotao Dong Lu Yang Xiaohong Bao Xiaobo Nie Jicheng Li |
| author_sort | Lei Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Although schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that significantly impacts patients and society, there are currently no reliable blood-based biomarkers to assist in its diagnosis. The diagnosis primarily relies on clinical assessment and patient history, a method that is inherently subjective and prone to errors, potentially leading to diagnostic delays. In this study, we aim to utilize bioinformatics approaches to explore potential blood-based biomarkers for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. By employing advanced bioinformatics techniques, we hope to identify key genes and construct an effective diagnostic model, providing the clinic with a more objective and accurate diagnostic tool. Methods In this research, we employed bioinformatics techniques to identify potential blood-based biomarkers for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Initially, we selected schizophrenia-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database through the datasets GSE27383, GSE38484, and GSE38481. Subsequently, we performed Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses on these DEGs to elucidate their biological functions and related pathways. Furthermore, we constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the differentially expressed genes to identify key genes and matched them with their target microRNAs (miRNAs). In addition, we assessed the diagnostic potential of these key genes through immune infiltration analysis. The aim of this study is to reveal the roles of these hub genes in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Results Through bioinformatics analysis, we have identified three potential hub genes associated with the pathogenesis of schizophrenia: CTSS, DOK2, and ENTPD1. These genes are significantly correlated with the development of schizophrenia and may serve as promising diagnostic biomarkers for the condition. Conclusion In this study, we have identified three pivotal genes—CTSS, DOK2, and ENTPD1—that are intimately associated with the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The discovery of these genes not only enhances the precision of diagnostic efforts for schizophrenia but also provides a robust scientific foundation for the development of innovative treatment approaches for schizophrenia and related disorders. The identification of these biomarkers offers a tangible basis for early, accurate diagnosis, treatment, prognostic assessment, and rehabilitation evaluation in schizophrenia, potentially improving patients’ quality of life and supporting the development of personalized therapeutics and antipsychotic medications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9020fd1affbf46ef8a21b69708430722 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1471-244X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Psychiatry |
| spelling | doaj-art-9020fd1affbf46ef8a21b697084307222025-08-20T02:15:08ZengBMCBMC Psychiatry1471-244X2025-02-0125111610.1186/s12888-025-06512-0Bioinformatics-based identification of CTSS, DOK2, and ENTPD1 as potential blood biomarkers of schizophreniaLei Zhang0Jiale Zhang1Na Wang2Chenwei Liu3Shuting Wang4Xiaotao Dong5Lu Yang6Xiaohong Bao7Xiaobo Nie8Jicheng Li9School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan UniversitySchool of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan UniversitySchool of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan UniversitySchool of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan UniversitySchool of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan UniversitySchool of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan UniversitySchool of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan UniversityDepartment of Cardiothoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou UniversitySchool of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan UniversitySchool of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan UniversityAbstract Background Although schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that significantly impacts patients and society, there are currently no reliable blood-based biomarkers to assist in its diagnosis. The diagnosis primarily relies on clinical assessment and patient history, a method that is inherently subjective and prone to errors, potentially leading to diagnostic delays. In this study, we aim to utilize bioinformatics approaches to explore potential blood-based biomarkers for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. By employing advanced bioinformatics techniques, we hope to identify key genes and construct an effective diagnostic model, providing the clinic with a more objective and accurate diagnostic tool. Methods In this research, we employed bioinformatics techniques to identify potential blood-based biomarkers for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Initially, we selected schizophrenia-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database through the datasets GSE27383, GSE38484, and GSE38481. Subsequently, we performed Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses on these DEGs to elucidate their biological functions and related pathways. Furthermore, we constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the differentially expressed genes to identify key genes and matched them with their target microRNAs (miRNAs). In addition, we assessed the diagnostic potential of these key genes through immune infiltration analysis. The aim of this study is to reveal the roles of these hub genes in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Results Through bioinformatics analysis, we have identified three potential hub genes associated with the pathogenesis of schizophrenia: CTSS, DOK2, and ENTPD1. These genes are significantly correlated with the development of schizophrenia and may serve as promising diagnostic biomarkers for the condition. Conclusion In this study, we have identified three pivotal genes—CTSS, DOK2, and ENTPD1—that are intimately associated with the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The discovery of these genes not only enhances the precision of diagnostic efforts for schizophrenia but also provides a robust scientific foundation for the development of innovative treatment approaches for schizophrenia and related disorders. The identification of these biomarkers offers a tangible basis for early, accurate diagnosis, treatment, prognostic assessment, and rehabilitation evaluation in schizophrenia, potentially improving patients’ quality of life and supporting the development of personalized therapeutics and antipsychotic medications.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06512-0Bioinformatics analysisBiomarkerGene expression omnibusSchizophrenia |
| spellingShingle | Lei Zhang Jiale Zhang Na Wang Chenwei Liu Shuting Wang Xiaotao Dong Lu Yang Xiaohong Bao Xiaobo Nie Jicheng Li Bioinformatics-based identification of CTSS, DOK2, and ENTPD1 as potential blood biomarkers of schizophrenia BMC Psychiatry Bioinformatics analysis Biomarker Gene expression omnibus Schizophrenia |
| title | Bioinformatics-based identification of CTSS, DOK2, and ENTPD1 as potential blood biomarkers of schizophrenia |
| title_full | Bioinformatics-based identification of CTSS, DOK2, and ENTPD1 as potential blood biomarkers of schizophrenia |
| title_fullStr | Bioinformatics-based identification of CTSS, DOK2, and ENTPD1 as potential blood biomarkers of schizophrenia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bioinformatics-based identification of CTSS, DOK2, and ENTPD1 as potential blood biomarkers of schizophrenia |
| title_short | Bioinformatics-based identification of CTSS, DOK2, and ENTPD1 as potential blood biomarkers of schizophrenia |
| title_sort | bioinformatics based identification of ctss dok2 and entpd1 as potential blood biomarkers of schizophrenia |
| topic | Bioinformatics analysis Biomarker Gene expression omnibus Schizophrenia |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06512-0 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT leizhang bioinformaticsbasedidentificationofctssdok2andentpd1aspotentialbloodbiomarkersofschizophrenia AT jialezhang bioinformaticsbasedidentificationofctssdok2andentpd1aspotentialbloodbiomarkersofschizophrenia AT nawang bioinformaticsbasedidentificationofctssdok2andentpd1aspotentialbloodbiomarkersofschizophrenia AT chenweiliu bioinformaticsbasedidentificationofctssdok2andentpd1aspotentialbloodbiomarkersofschizophrenia AT shutingwang bioinformaticsbasedidentificationofctssdok2andentpd1aspotentialbloodbiomarkersofschizophrenia AT xiaotaodong bioinformaticsbasedidentificationofctssdok2andentpd1aspotentialbloodbiomarkersofschizophrenia AT luyang bioinformaticsbasedidentificationofctssdok2andentpd1aspotentialbloodbiomarkersofschizophrenia AT xiaohongbao bioinformaticsbasedidentificationofctssdok2andentpd1aspotentialbloodbiomarkersofschizophrenia AT xiaobonie bioinformaticsbasedidentificationofctssdok2andentpd1aspotentialbloodbiomarkersofschizophrenia AT jichengli bioinformaticsbasedidentificationofctssdok2andentpd1aspotentialbloodbiomarkersofschizophrenia |