Further results on permanents of Laplacian matrices of trees

The research on the permanents of graph matrices is one of the contemporary research topic in algebraic combinatorics. Brualdi and Goldwasser characterized the upper and lower bounds of permanents of Laplacian matrices of trees. In this article, we determined the second and third minimal permanents...

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Main Authors: Wu Tingzeng, Dong Xiangshuai
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: De Gruyter 2025-08-01
Series:Open Mathematics
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1515/math-2025-0185
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author Wu Tingzeng
Dong Xiangshuai
author_facet Wu Tingzeng
Dong Xiangshuai
author_sort Wu Tingzeng
collection DOAJ
description The research on the permanents of graph matrices is one of the contemporary research topic in algebraic combinatorics. Brualdi and Goldwasser characterized the upper and lower bounds of permanents of Laplacian matrices of trees. In this article, we determined the second and third minimal permanents of the Laplacian matrices of trees, and the second maximal permanent of the Laplacian matrices of trees is given. The corresponding extremal graphs are characterized. Furthermore, we determined bounds of permanents of the Laplacian matrices of non-caterpillar trees with given graph parameters. Moreover, the corresponding extremal graphs are determined.
format Article
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institution Kabale University
issn 2391-5455
language English
publishDate 2025-08-01
publisher De Gruyter
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spelling doaj-art-8fff92cfddf74fd2a0f2a3d72394cd572025-08-20T03:41:43ZengDe GruyterOpen Mathematics2391-54552025-08-0123118920110.1515/math-2025-0185Further results on permanents of Laplacian matrices of treesWu Tingzeng0Dong Xiangshuai1School of Mathematics and Statistics, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining, Qinghai 810007, P. R. ChinaSchool of Mathematics and Statistics, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining, Qinghai 810007, P. R. ChinaThe research on the permanents of graph matrices is one of the contemporary research topic in algebraic combinatorics. Brualdi and Goldwasser characterized the upper and lower bounds of permanents of Laplacian matrices of trees. In this article, we determined the second and third minimal permanents of the Laplacian matrices of trees, and the second maximal permanent of the Laplacian matrices of trees is given. The corresponding extremal graphs are characterized. Furthermore, we determined bounds of permanents of the Laplacian matrices of non-caterpillar trees with given graph parameters. Moreover, the corresponding extremal graphs are determined.https://doi.org/10.1515/math-2025-0185treenon-caterpillar treelaplacian matrixpermanentgraph parameter05c5005c0515a15
spellingShingle Wu Tingzeng
Dong Xiangshuai
Further results on permanents of Laplacian matrices of trees
Open Mathematics
tree
non-caterpillar tree
laplacian matrix
permanent
graph parameter
05c50
05c05
15a15
title Further results on permanents of Laplacian matrices of trees
title_full Further results on permanents of Laplacian matrices of trees
title_fullStr Further results on permanents of Laplacian matrices of trees
title_full_unstemmed Further results on permanents of Laplacian matrices of trees
title_short Further results on permanents of Laplacian matrices of trees
title_sort further results on permanents of laplacian matrices of trees
topic tree
non-caterpillar tree
laplacian matrix
permanent
graph parameter
05c50
05c05
15a15
url https://doi.org/10.1515/math-2025-0185
work_keys_str_mv AT wutingzeng furtherresultsonpermanentsoflaplacianmatricesoftrees
AT dongxiangshuai furtherresultsonpermanentsoflaplacianmatricesoftrees