In Silico Simulation of Porous Geometry-Guided Diffusion for Drug-Coated Tissue Engineering Scaffold Design

Recent research works have shown the effect of nutrient concentration on cell activity, such as proliferation and differentiation. In 3D cell culture, the impact of scaffold geometry, including pore size, strut diameter, and pore shape, on the concentration gradient within scaffolds under two differ...

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Main Authors: Eyad Awad, Matthew Bedding-Tyrrell, Alberto Coccarelli, Feihu Zhao
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-04-01
Series:Organoids
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2674-1172/4/2/8
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author Eyad Awad
Matthew Bedding-Tyrrell
Alberto Coccarelli
Feihu Zhao
author_facet Eyad Awad
Matthew Bedding-Tyrrell
Alberto Coccarelli
Feihu Zhao
author_sort Eyad Awad
collection DOAJ
description Recent research works have shown the effect of nutrient concentration on cell activity, such as proliferation and differentiation. In 3D cell culture, the impact of scaffold geometry, including pore size, strut diameter, and pore shape, on the concentration gradient within scaffolds under two different loading conditions—constant fluid perfusion and non-fluid perfusion—in a perfusion bioreactor is investigated by developing an in silico model of scaffolds. In this study, both triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) (with gyroid struts) and non-TPMS (with cubic and spherical pores) scaffolds were investigated. Two types of criteria are applied to the scaffolds: static and perfusion culture conditions. In a static environment, the scaffold in a perfusion bioreactor is loaded with a fluid velocity of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, whereas in a dynamic environment, perfusion flow with a velocity of 1 mm/s is applied. The results of in silico simulation indicate that the concentration gradient within the scaffold is significantly influenced by pore size, strut diameter, pore shape, and fluid flow, which in turn affects the diffusion rate during drug delivery.
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spelling doaj-art-8feb5ae0e7ec4c5da9114cd0fccac8102025-08-20T03:29:45ZengMDPI AGOrganoids2674-11722025-04-0142810.3390/organoids4020008In Silico Simulation of Porous Geometry-Guided Diffusion for Drug-Coated Tissue Engineering Scaffold DesignEyad Awad0Matthew Bedding-Tyrrell1Alberto Coccarelli2Feihu Zhao3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Zienkiewicz Institute for Modelling, Data & AI, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UKDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Zienkiewicz Institute for Modelling, Data & AI, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UKDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Zienkiewicz Institute for Modelling, Data & AI, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UKDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Zienkiewicz Institute for Modelling, Data & AI, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UKRecent research works have shown the effect of nutrient concentration on cell activity, such as proliferation and differentiation. In 3D cell culture, the impact of scaffold geometry, including pore size, strut diameter, and pore shape, on the concentration gradient within scaffolds under two different loading conditions—constant fluid perfusion and non-fluid perfusion—in a perfusion bioreactor is investigated by developing an in silico model of scaffolds. In this study, both triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) (with gyroid struts) and non-TPMS (with cubic and spherical pores) scaffolds were investigated. Two types of criteria are applied to the scaffolds: static and perfusion culture conditions. In a static environment, the scaffold in a perfusion bioreactor is loaded with a fluid velocity of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, whereas in a dynamic environment, perfusion flow with a velocity of 1 mm/s is applied. The results of in silico simulation indicate that the concentration gradient within the scaffold is significantly influenced by pore size, strut diameter, pore shape, and fluid flow, which in turn affects the diffusion rate during drug delivery.https://www.mdpi.com/2674-1172/4/2/8tissue engineeringdrug-coated scaffolddiffusion–convection simulationperfusion bioreactor
spellingShingle Eyad Awad
Matthew Bedding-Tyrrell
Alberto Coccarelli
Feihu Zhao
In Silico Simulation of Porous Geometry-Guided Diffusion for Drug-Coated Tissue Engineering Scaffold Design
Organoids
tissue engineering
drug-coated scaffold
diffusion–convection simulation
perfusion bioreactor
title In Silico Simulation of Porous Geometry-Guided Diffusion for Drug-Coated Tissue Engineering Scaffold Design
title_full In Silico Simulation of Porous Geometry-Guided Diffusion for Drug-Coated Tissue Engineering Scaffold Design
title_fullStr In Silico Simulation of Porous Geometry-Guided Diffusion for Drug-Coated Tissue Engineering Scaffold Design
title_full_unstemmed In Silico Simulation of Porous Geometry-Guided Diffusion for Drug-Coated Tissue Engineering Scaffold Design
title_short In Silico Simulation of Porous Geometry-Guided Diffusion for Drug-Coated Tissue Engineering Scaffold Design
title_sort in silico simulation of porous geometry guided diffusion for drug coated tissue engineering scaffold design
topic tissue engineering
drug-coated scaffold
diffusion–convection simulation
perfusion bioreactor
url https://www.mdpi.com/2674-1172/4/2/8
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AT albertococcarelli insilicosimulationofporousgeometryguideddiffusionfordrugcoatedtissueengineeringscaffolddesign
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