The Responses of Vegetation Production and Evapotranspiration to Inter-Annual Summer Drought in Northeast Asia Dryland Regions (NADRs)

The impacts of drought on Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) and Evapotranspiration (ET) play an important role in understanding the carbon–water process of dryland ecosystems. However, just via correlation analysis, the response mechanism of vegetation production and ET to droughts is not well unders...

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Main Authors: Wenping Kang, Sinkyu Kang, Shulin Liu, Tao Wang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-02-01
Series:Remote Sensing
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/4/589
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author Wenping Kang
Sinkyu Kang
Shulin Liu
Tao Wang
author_facet Wenping Kang
Sinkyu Kang
Shulin Liu
Tao Wang
author_sort Wenping Kang
collection DOAJ
description The impacts of drought on Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) and Evapotranspiration (ET) play an important role in understanding the carbon–water process of dryland ecosystems. However, just via correlation analysis, the response mechanism of vegetation production and ET to droughts is not well understood. Based on a modified Vegetation Photosynthesis Model (VPM) and a revised Penman–Monteith (PM) model, GPP and ET were simulated to examine their sensitivity to drought and quantitative dynamics among biomes with the drought index in NADRs. The diverse response of GPP and ET to drought depending on biomes, grassland, barren/sparse vegetation and shrub showed a positive response to summer drought, while cropland and forest showed a negative response to summer drought. From the normal summers to extreme drought summers, GPP and ET reduced by 0.36 g C m<sup>−2</sup> day<sup>−1</sup> and 0.18 mm day<sup>−1</sup>, nearly 10.54% and 12.77%, respectively. Some compensation mechanisms (i.e., physiological changes of vegetation species to resistant drought) or drought timescale weaken the drought impacts in insignificant correlated regions (GPP or ET and SPEI) with lower reduction rates. Compared with persistent or multiple droughts, the impacts of abrupt wet–dry shifts on GPP and ET were weak with lower rates (4.44% for GPP, 0.92% for ET). Notably, the wet winter and warm spring weakens the summer drought impacts on GPP in some parts of grasslands. These observations would be useful to understand the ecosystem process and to account for the dynamics of ecosystem water use efficiency during drought disturbance in depth.
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spelling doaj-art-8fad5f12b8f5411ca5161f2c08b0cf782025-08-20T02:03:30ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922025-02-0117458910.3390/rs17040589The Responses of Vegetation Production and Evapotranspiration to Inter-Annual Summer Drought in Northeast Asia Dryland Regions (NADRs)Wenping Kang0Sinkyu Kang1Shulin Liu2Tao Wang3Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaDepartment of Environment Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of KoreaKey Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaKey Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaThe impacts of drought on Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) and Evapotranspiration (ET) play an important role in understanding the carbon–water process of dryland ecosystems. However, just via correlation analysis, the response mechanism of vegetation production and ET to droughts is not well understood. Based on a modified Vegetation Photosynthesis Model (VPM) and a revised Penman–Monteith (PM) model, GPP and ET were simulated to examine their sensitivity to drought and quantitative dynamics among biomes with the drought index in NADRs. The diverse response of GPP and ET to drought depending on biomes, grassland, barren/sparse vegetation and shrub showed a positive response to summer drought, while cropland and forest showed a negative response to summer drought. From the normal summers to extreme drought summers, GPP and ET reduced by 0.36 g C m<sup>−2</sup> day<sup>−1</sup> and 0.18 mm day<sup>−1</sup>, nearly 10.54% and 12.77%, respectively. Some compensation mechanisms (i.e., physiological changes of vegetation species to resistant drought) or drought timescale weaken the drought impacts in insignificant correlated regions (GPP or ET and SPEI) with lower reduction rates. Compared with persistent or multiple droughts, the impacts of abrupt wet–dry shifts on GPP and ET were weak with lower rates (4.44% for GPP, 0.92% for ET). Notably, the wet winter and warm spring weakens the summer drought impacts on GPP in some parts of grasslands. These observations would be useful to understand the ecosystem process and to account for the dynamics of ecosystem water use efficiency during drought disturbance in depth.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/4/589summer droughtquantitative impactvegetation productionET
spellingShingle Wenping Kang
Sinkyu Kang
Shulin Liu
Tao Wang
The Responses of Vegetation Production and Evapotranspiration to Inter-Annual Summer Drought in Northeast Asia Dryland Regions (NADRs)
Remote Sensing
summer drought
quantitative impact
vegetation production
ET
title The Responses of Vegetation Production and Evapotranspiration to Inter-Annual Summer Drought in Northeast Asia Dryland Regions (NADRs)
title_full The Responses of Vegetation Production and Evapotranspiration to Inter-Annual Summer Drought in Northeast Asia Dryland Regions (NADRs)
title_fullStr The Responses of Vegetation Production and Evapotranspiration to Inter-Annual Summer Drought in Northeast Asia Dryland Regions (NADRs)
title_full_unstemmed The Responses of Vegetation Production and Evapotranspiration to Inter-Annual Summer Drought in Northeast Asia Dryland Regions (NADRs)
title_short The Responses of Vegetation Production and Evapotranspiration to Inter-Annual Summer Drought in Northeast Asia Dryland Regions (NADRs)
title_sort responses of vegetation production and evapotranspiration to inter annual summer drought in northeast asia dryland regions nadrs
topic summer drought
quantitative impact
vegetation production
ET
url https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/4/589
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