Mapping Windthrow Severity as Change in Canopy Cover in a Temperate Eucalypt Forest

Storm events are significant disturbance agents that can cause considerable forest damage through windthrow. Assessment and mapping of the extent and severity of windthrow is critical to provide reliable information to forest managers to prioritize post-storm hazard reduction (including public safet...

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Main Authors: Nina Hinko-Najera, Paul D. Bentley, Samuel Hislop, Alison C. Bennett, Jamie E. Burton, Thomas A. Fairman, Sacha Jellinek, Julio C. Najera Umana, Lauren T. Bennett
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2024-12-01
Series:Remote Sensing
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/24/4710
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author Nina Hinko-Najera
Paul D. Bentley
Samuel Hislop
Alison C. Bennett
Jamie E. Burton
Thomas A. Fairman
Sacha Jellinek
Julio C. Najera Umana
Lauren T. Bennett
author_facet Nina Hinko-Najera
Paul D. Bentley
Samuel Hislop
Alison C. Bennett
Jamie E. Burton
Thomas A. Fairman
Sacha Jellinek
Julio C. Najera Umana
Lauren T. Bennett
author_sort Nina Hinko-Najera
collection DOAJ
description Storm events are significant disturbance agents that can cause considerable forest damage through windthrow. Assessment and mapping of the extent and severity of windthrow is critical to provide reliable information to forest managers to prioritize post-storm hazard reduction (including public safety and fire risk) and to guide restoration activities. Detailed on-ground assessments after windthrow are often impossible due to lack of access and safety concerns. In 2021, severe windstorms caused unprecedented and extensive windthrow in a temperate eucalypt forest in south-eastern Australia. The purpose of this study is to quantify the severity and extent of the damaged forest area as the change in percentage canopy cover using remotely sensed data. We assessed percentage canopy cover from high-resolution aerial images of 455 randomly selected plots in disturbed and undisturbed areas to train a model and machine learning framework to predict landscape scale canopy cover from Sentinel-2 images. A random forest model using all single bands and percentiles best predicted the canopy cover (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.69). Sentinel-2 images were then used to predict canopy cover pre- and post-windthrow to assess and map the severity of windthrow as the change in percentage canopy cover. Of the total 63,471 ha of forest area assessed, 63% (39,987 ha) was impacted by windthrow, with 46% at low severity (<30% canopy cover loss), 11% at moderate (30–50% canopy cover loss) and 6% at high severity (>50% canopy cover loss). Our study provides the first quantitative mapping of windthrow severity mapping for a temperate eucalypt forest in Australia that demonstrates an effective remote assessment methodology and provides critical information to support post-windthrow management decisions.
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spelling doaj-art-8f7800fe995043559b8b761d2829deb62025-08-20T02:01:29ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922024-12-011624471010.3390/rs16244710Mapping Windthrow Severity as Change in Canopy Cover in a Temperate Eucalypt ForestNina Hinko-Najera0Paul D. Bentley1Samuel Hislop2Alison C. Bennett3Jamie E. Burton4Thomas A. Fairman5Sacha Jellinek6Julio C. Najera Umana7Lauren T. Bennett8School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, VIC 3363, AustraliaSchool of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, VIC 3363, AustraliaSchool of Science, Geospatial Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, AustraliaSchool of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC 3121, AustraliaSchool of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, VIC 3363, AustraliaSchool of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, AustraliaSchool of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC 3121, AustraliaSchool of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, VIC 3363, AustraliaSchool of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, VIC 3363, AustraliaStorm events are significant disturbance agents that can cause considerable forest damage through windthrow. Assessment and mapping of the extent and severity of windthrow is critical to provide reliable information to forest managers to prioritize post-storm hazard reduction (including public safety and fire risk) and to guide restoration activities. Detailed on-ground assessments after windthrow are often impossible due to lack of access and safety concerns. In 2021, severe windstorms caused unprecedented and extensive windthrow in a temperate eucalypt forest in south-eastern Australia. The purpose of this study is to quantify the severity and extent of the damaged forest area as the change in percentage canopy cover using remotely sensed data. We assessed percentage canopy cover from high-resolution aerial images of 455 randomly selected plots in disturbed and undisturbed areas to train a model and machine learning framework to predict landscape scale canopy cover from Sentinel-2 images. A random forest model using all single bands and percentiles best predicted the canopy cover (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.69). Sentinel-2 images were then used to predict canopy cover pre- and post-windthrow to assess and map the severity of windthrow as the change in percentage canopy cover. Of the total 63,471 ha of forest area assessed, 63% (39,987 ha) was impacted by windthrow, with 46% at low severity (<30% canopy cover loss), 11% at moderate (30–50% canopy cover loss) and 6% at high severity (>50% canopy cover loss). Our study provides the first quantitative mapping of windthrow severity mapping for a temperate eucalypt forest in Australia that demonstrates an effective remote assessment methodology and provides critical information to support post-windthrow management decisions.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/24/4710Sentinel-2Nearmap Australiatemperate broadleaved evergreen forestWombat Forestchange detectiontidymodels
spellingShingle Nina Hinko-Najera
Paul D. Bentley
Samuel Hislop
Alison C. Bennett
Jamie E. Burton
Thomas A. Fairman
Sacha Jellinek
Julio C. Najera Umana
Lauren T. Bennett
Mapping Windthrow Severity as Change in Canopy Cover in a Temperate Eucalypt Forest
Remote Sensing
Sentinel-2
Nearmap Australia
temperate broadleaved evergreen forest
Wombat Forest
change detection
tidymodels
title Mapping Windthrow Severity as Change in Canopy Cover in a Temperate Eucalypt Forest
title_full Mapping Windthrow Severity as Change in Canopy Cover in a Temperate Eucalypt Forest
title_fullStr Mapping Windthrow Severity as Change in Canopy Cover in a Temperate Eucalypt Forest
title_full_unstemmed Mapping Windthrow Severity as Change in Canopy Cover in a Temperate Eucalypt Forest
title_short Mapping Windthrow Severity as Change in Canopy Cover in a Temperate Eucalypt Forest
title_sort mapping windthrow severity as change in canopy cover in a temperate eucalypt forest
topic Sentinel-2
Nearmap Australia
temperate broadleaved evergreen forest
Wombat Forest
change detection
tidymodels
url https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/24/4710
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