Mild ultrasound-assisted alkali de-esterification modified pectins: Characterization and structure–activity relationships in immunomodulatory effects
Apple pectin (AP), a well-established dietary fiber, offers significant health benefits, particularly in immunomodulation. However, the structure–activity relationship (SAR) in this context remains poorly understood. This study aimed to elucidate the impact of varying degrees of esterification (DE)...
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| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Ultrasonics Sonochemistry |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350417724004644 |
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| author | Huan Guo Dong Li Baohe Miao Kanglin Feng Guijing Chen Renyou Gan Zhiliang Kang Hong Gao |
| author_facet | Huan Guo Dong Li Baohe Miao Kanglin Feng Guijing Chen Renyou Gan Zhiliang Kang Hong Gao |
| author_sort | Huan Guo |
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| description | Apple pectin (AP), a well-established dietary fiber, offers significant health benefits, particularly in immunomodulation. However, the structure–activity relationship (SAR) in this context remains poorly understood. This study aimed to elucidate the impact of varying degrees of esterification (DE) on AP’s SAR in immunomodulatory activity. AP-Es (AP-E1, AP-E2, AP-E3) with different DE were prepared using mild ultrasound-assisted alkali de-esterification, followed by SAR analysis. Results revealed that AP-E3, with the lowest DE (5.08 ± 0.22 %), demonstrated a significant reduction in homogalacturonan (HG) domains and a corresponding increase in rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) domains, which coincided with enhanced immunomodulatory effects. The molecular weights of AP-E1, AP-E2, and AP-E3 were determined to be 30.94 ± 0.83 kDa, 27.61 ± 0.65 kDa, and 22.17 ± 0.57 kDa, respectively. To further explore the underlying mechanism, transgenic zebrafish with fluorescent macrophages were utilized. A positive correlation was observed between AP-E3 concentration and the number of fluorescent microspheres engulfed by macrophages. Additionally, AP-E3 significantly upregulated the expression of key immune response genes (tnf-α, il-1β, il-6, cox-2, inos, and nf-κb) and restored the gut microbiota composition and abundance in chloramphenicol-induced immunocompromised zebrafish. Metabolomics analysis revealed that AP-E3 effectively restored metabolic homeostasis by activating multiple signaling pathways associated with signal transduction, immune regulation, and metabolism. These findings highlight the potential of low-esterified AP enriched with RG-I domains as a promising candidate for applications in immune modulation and gut health management. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8f675e99e6b84d948e4eac681dd377ca |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1350-4177 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Ultrasonics Sonochemistry |
| spelling | doaj-art-8f675e99e6b84d948e4eac681dd377ca2025-01-11T06:38:52ZengElsevierUltrasonics Sonochemistry1350-41772025-01-01112107215Mild ultrasound-assisted alkali de-esterification modified pectins: Characterization and structure–activity relationships in immunomodulatory effectsHuan Guo0Dong Li1Baohe Miao2Kanglin Feng3Guijing Chen4Renyou Gan5Zhiliang Kang6Hong Gao7College of Biomass Science and Engineering and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, ChinaCollege of Biomass Science and Engineering and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564502, ChinaInstitute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China; Corresponding authors.Fruit and Vegetable Storage and Processing Research Center, Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, ChinaSichuan University-The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Chengdu 610200, ChinaDepartment of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong KongCollege of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan 625014, ChinaCollege of Biomass Science and Engineering and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Corresponding authors.Apple pectin (AP), a well-established dietary fiber, offers significant health benefits, particularly in immunomodulation. However, the structure–activity relationship (SAR) in this context remains poorly understood. This study aimed to elucidate the impact of varying degrees of esterification (DE) on AP’s SAR in immunomodulatory activity. AP-Es (AP-E1, AP-E2, AP-E3) with different DE were prepared using mild ultrasound-assisted alkali de-esterification, followed by SAR analysis. Results revealed that AP-E3, with the lowest DE (5.08 ± 0.22 %), demonstrated a significant reduction in homogalacturonan (HG) domains and a corresponding increase in rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) domains, which coincided with enhanced immunomodulatory effects. The molecular weights of AP-E1, AP-E2, and AP-E3 were determined to be 30.94 ± 0.83 kDa, 27.61 ± 0.65 kDa, and 22.17 ± 0.57 kDa, respectively. To further explore the underlying mechanism, transgenic zebrafish with fluorescent macrophages were utilized. A positive correlation was observed between AP-E3 concentration and the number of fluorescent microspheres engulfed by macrophages. Additionally, AP-E3 significantly upregulated the expression of key immune response genes (tnf-α, il-1β, il-6, cox-2, inos, and nf-κb) and restored the gut microbiota composition and abundance in chloramphenicol-induced immunocompromised zebrafish. Metabolomics analysis revealed that AP-E3 effectively restored metabolic homeostasis by activating multiple signaling pathways associated with signal transduction, immune regulation, and metabolism. These findings highlight the potential of low-esterified AP enriched with RG-I domains as a promising candidate for applications in immune modulation and gut health management.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350417724004644Apple pectinEsterification degreeGut microbiotaImmunomodulatory activityStructure-activity relationship |
| spellingShingle | Huan Guo Dong Li Baohe Miao Kanglin Feng Guijing Chen Renyou Gan Zhiliang Kang Hong Gao Mild ultrasound-assisted alkali de-esterification modified pectins: Characterization and structure–activity relationships in immunomodulatory effects Ultrasonics Sonochemistry Apple pectin Esterification degree Gut microbiota Immunomodulatory activity Structure-activity relationship |
| title | Mild ultrasound-assisted alkali de-esterification modified pectins: Characterization and structure–activity relationships in immunomodulatory effects |
| title_full | Mild ultrasound-assisted alkali de-esterification modified pectins: Characterization and structure–activity relationships in immunomodulatory effects |
| title_fullStr | Mild ultrasound-assisted alkali de-esterification modified pectins: Characterization and structure–activity relationships in immunomodulatory effects |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mild ultrasound-assisted alkali de-esterification modified pectins: Characterization and structure–activity relationships in immunomodulatory effects |
| title_short | Mild ultrasound-assisted alkali de-esterification modified pectins: Characterization and structure–activity relationships in immunomodulatory effects |
| title_sort | mild ultrasound assisted alkali de esterification modified pectins characterization and structure activity relationships in immunomodulatory effects |
| topic | Apple pectin Esterification degree Gut microbiota Immunomodulatory activity Structure-activity relationship |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350417724004644 |
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