A cross-sectional study investigating the association between parental daily brushing, extended breastfeeding, or parental smoking habit and early childhood dental caries in 4-year-old children: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study
Abstract Background Dental caries is estimated to affect almost half of preschool children worldwide and is associated with low academic performance in school age and poor health in adulthood. Thus, the prevention of dental caries is an important issue that must be addressed. The objective of this s...
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2025-08-01
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| Series: | BMC Pediatrics |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-025-05997-8 |
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| author | Yuichiro Miura Tomohisa Suzuki Keita Kanamori Masahiro Tsuchiya Chiharu Ota The Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS) Group |
| author_facet | Yuichiro Miura Tomohisa Suzuki Keita Kanamori Masahiro Tsuchiya Chiharu Ota The Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS) Group |
| author_sort | Yuichiro Miura |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Dental caries is estimated to affect almost half of preschool children worldwide and is associated with low academic performance in school age and poor health in adulthood. Thus, the prevention of dental caries is an important issue that must be addressed. The objective of this study was to clarify the factors associated with early childhood dental caries (ECC) in 4-year-old children. Methods This study was part of an ongoing nationwide cohort study; the Japan Environment and Children’s Study. Approximately 100,000 expectant mothers were recruited from 15 Regional Centers between January 2011 and March 2014. Questionnaires were regularly administered to participating mothers. Data on the presence of ECC at 4 years of age, frequency of parental brushing, continuation of breastfeeding, parental smoking habits, and other factors considered to be related with development of ECC were obtained from the datasets released in October 2019 and April 2021. Then, the data were statistically analyzed. Results After excluding 25,990 cases due to missing data referring to the prevalence of ECC, 74,310 cases were analyzed. The logistic regression analysis revealed that occasional parental brushing (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.33, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.27–1.39) was associated with significantly increased odds for ECC when compared to routine parental brushing. In addition, extended breastfeeding (aOR 2.07, 95% CI 1.86–2.29), continued smoking of mothers (aOR 1.42, 95% CI 1.30–1.55), and continued smoking of fathers (aOR 1.25, 95% CI 1.20–1.31) were associated with increased odds for ECC. Conclusion Irregular parental brushing, extended breastfeeding, and parental smoking habits were found to be associated with increased odds for ECC in 4-year-old children. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8f5076279a8a4ccc8e38ec1915875ce2 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1471-2431 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Pediatrics |
| spelling | doaj-art-8f5076279a8a4ccc8e38ec1915875ce22025-08-20T03:46:20ZengBMCBMC Pediatrics1471-24312025-08-0125111110.1186/s12887-025-05997-8A cross-sectional study investigating the association between parental daily brushing, extended breastfeeding, or parental smoking habit and early childhood dental caries in 4-year-old children: the Japan Environment and Children’s StudyYuichiro Miura0Tomohisa Suzuki1Keita Kanamori2Masahiro Tsuchiya3Chiharu Ota4The Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS) GroupDepartment of Feto-Maternal Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of MedicineEnvironment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of MedicineDepartment of Development and Environmental Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of MedicineDepartment of Nursing, Tohoku Fukushi UniversityEnvironment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of MedicineAbstract Background Dental caries is estimated to affect almost half of preschool children worldwide and is associated with low academic performance in school age and poor health in adulthood. Thus, the prevention of dental caries is an important issue that must be addressed. The objective of this study was to clarify the factors associated with early childhood dental caries (ECC) in 4-year-old children. Methods This study was part of an ongoing nationwide cohort study; the Japan Environment and Children’s Study. Approximately 100,000 expectant mothers were recruited from 15 Regional Centers between January 2011 and March 2014. Questionnaires were regularly administered to participating mothers. Data on the presence of ECC at 4 years of age, frequency of parental brushing, continuation of breastfeeding, parental smoking habits, and other factors considered to be related with development of ECC were obtained from the datasets released in October 2019 and April 2021. Then, the data were statistically analyzed. Results After excluding 25,990 cases due to missing data referring to the prevalence of ECC, 74,310 cases were analyzed. The logistic regression analysis revealed that occasional parental brushing (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.33, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.27–1.39) was associated with significantly increased odds for ECC when compared to routine parental brushing. In addition, extended breastfeeding (aOR 2.07, 95% CI 1.86–2.29), continued smoking of mothers (aOR 1.42, 95% CI 1.30–1.55), and continued smoking of fathers (aOR 1.25, 95% CI 1.20–1.31) were associated with increased odds for ECC. Conclusion Irregular parental brushing, extended breastfeeding, and parental smoking habits were found to be associated with increased odds for ECC in 4-year-old children.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-025-05997-8Early childhood dental cariesParental brushingExtended breastfeedingParental smoking habit |
| spellingShingle | Yuichiro Miura Tomohisa Suzuki Keita Kanamori Masahiro Tsuchiya Chiharu Ota The Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS) Group A cross-sectional study investigating the association between parental daily brushing, extended breastfeeding, or parental smoking habit and early childhood dental caries in 4-year-old children: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study BMC Pediatrics Early childhood dental caries Parental brushing Extended breastfeeding Parental smoking habit |
| title | A cross-sectional study investigating the association between parental daily brushing, extended breastfeeding, or parental smoking habit and early childhood dental caries in 4-year-old children: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study |
| title_full | A cross-sectional study investigating the association between parental daily brushing, extended breastfeeding, or parental smoking habit and early childhood dental caries in 4-year-old children: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study |
| title_fullStr | A cross-sectional study investigating the association between parental daily brushing, extended breastfeeding, or parental smoking habit and early childhood dental caries in 4-year-old children: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | A cross-sectional study investigating the association between parental daily brushing, extended breastfeeding, or parental smoking habit and early childhood dental caries in 4-year-old children: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study |
| title_short | A cross-sectional study investigating the association between parental daily brushing, extended breastfeeding, or parental smoking habit and early childhood dental caries in 4-year-old children: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study |
| title_sort | cross sectional study investigating the association between parental daily brushing extended breastfeeding or parental smoking habit and early childhood dental caries in 4 year old children the japan environment and children s study |
| topic | Early childhood dental caries Parental brushing Extended breastfeeding Parental smoking habit |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-025-05997-8 |
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