Bodily illusion enhances subjective fear of safety-margin violations surrounding the bodily self

Abstract All living organisms, including humans, must flexibly adjust their defensive behaviors according to the spatial proximity of potential threats. Previous research has examined fear responses to proximal threats by manipulating distance to the body in simulated 2D or 3D environments; however,...

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Main Authors: Ryu Ohata, H. Henrik Ehrsson
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-04-01
Series:Scientific Reports
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95976-x
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author Ryu Ohata
H. Henrik Ehrsson
author_facet Ryu Ohata
H. Henrik Ehrsson
author_sort Ryu Ohata
collection DOAJ
description Abstract All living organisms, including humans, must flexibly adjust their defensive behaviors according to the spatial proximity of potential threats. Previous research has examined fear responses to proximal threats by manipulating distance to the body in simulated 2D or 3D environments; however, the functional role of the sense of bodily self in the interplay between fear and threat proximity remains unclear. Here, we investigated fear responses to proximal and distal fear-relevant stimuli while manipulating the sense of body ownership over a mannequin using a perceptual full-body illusion. Our findings revealed that subjective fear was more sensitive to stimulus location when participants experienced illusory ownership over the mannequin. Furthermore, we observed a significant positive correlation between illusion strength and subjective fear ratings. These findings highlight two aspects of how the sense of bodily self influences human fear experiences: enhancing sensitivity to margin-of-safety violations and amplifying anxiety in response to threat appearance.
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spelling doaj-art-8ee9aa1c2de84c7cb12ea9530e51cc152025-08-20T01:54:23ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-04-0115111610.1038/s41598-025-95976-xBodily illusion enhances subjective fear of safety-margin violations surrounding the bodily selfRyu Ohata0H. Henrik Ehrsson1Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska InstitutetDepartment of Neuroscience, Karolinska InstitutetAbstract All living organisms, including humans, must flexibly adjust their defensive behaviors according to the spatial proximity of potential threats. Previous research has examined fear responses to proximal threats by manipulating distance to the body in simulated 2D or 3D environments; however, the functional role of the sense of bodily self in the interplay between fear and threat proximity remains unclear. Here, we investigated fear responses to proximal and distal fear-relevant stimuli while manipulating the sense of body ownership over a mannequin using a perceptual full-body illusion. Our findings revealed that subjective fear was more sensitive to stimulus location when participants experienced illusory ownership over the mannequin. Furthermore, we observed a significant positive correlation between illusion strength and subjective fear ratings. These findings highlight two aspects of how the sense of bodily self influences human fear experiences: enhancing sensitivity to margin-of-safety violations and amplifying anxiety in response to threat appearance.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95976-x
spellingShingle Ryu Ohata
H. Henrik Ehrsson
Bodily illusion enhances subjective fear of safety-margin violations surrounding the bodily self
Scientific Reports
title Bodily illusion enhances subjective fear of safety-margin violations surrounding the bodily self
title_full Bodily illusion enhances subjective fear of safety-margin violations surrounding the bodily self
title_fullStr Bodily illusion enhances subjective fear of safety-margin violations surrounding the bodily self
title_full_unstemmed Bodily illusion enhances subjective fear of safety-margin violations surrounding the bodily self
title_short Bodily illusion enhances subjective fear of safety-margin violations surrounding the bodily self
title_sort bodily illusion enhances subjective fear of safety margin violations surrounding the bodily self
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95976-x
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