Production optimization of a thermostable alkaline and detergent biocompatible protease by Bacillus paramycoides WSA for the green detergent industry
Abstract Industrial applications are evolving to replace chemical catalysts with eco-friendly solutions. This work enhances extracellular protease production from a newly isolated proteolytic Bacillus paramycoides WSA using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The used quadratic model demonstrated a...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Nature Portfolio
2025-04-01
|
| Series: | Scientific Reports |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-98094-w |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850181661448208384 |
|---|---|
| author | Wafa A. Alshehri Sarah A. Alhothifi Ashjan F. Khalel Fatimah S. Alqahtani Bilel Hadrich Adel Sayari |
| author_facet | Wafa A. Alshehri Sarah A. Alhothifi Ashjan F. Khalel Fatimah S. Alqahtani Bilel Hadrich Adel Sayari |
| author_sort | Wafa A. Alshehri |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Industrial applications are evolving to replace chemical catalysts with eco-friendly solutions. This work enhances extracellular protease production from a newly isolated proteolytic Bacillus paramycoides WSA using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The used quadratic model demonstrated a good fit with R2 = 80.59%, R2 Adj = 57.94%, a high degree of significance (p = 0.017 < 0.05), and a low RMSE = 0.030 U/mL. Maximum protease activity of 1.346 ± 0.060 U/mL was obtained after 8 h-cultivation at 45 °C and pH 7. The protease activity is maximal at 45 °C and pH 10. It maintains 75% of its activity after 10 min of incubation at 80 °C. Furthermore, the enzyme was found to be stable in an alkaline environment, retaining 89% of its activity after 1 h incubation at pH 12. Several metal ions, surfactants, and inhibitors increased protease performance. Indeed, 110% and 140% protease activity was measured in the presence of 5 mM CoCl2 and CaCl2, respectively. Similarly, 105%, 128%, 135%, 144%, and 160% protease activity were measured in the presence of 0.5% of Tween 20, EDTA, Sodium azide, uric acid, and SDS, respectively. Interestingly, the enzyme activity was enhanced (138%) after 1 h of incubation with 1% Reem detergent. Furthermore, this protease (10 U/mL), in combination with 0.7% detergent, could clean bloodstained fabric after 10 min incubation at 45 °C. Our results suggest that this thermostable, alkaline, and detergent-biocompatible protease could be a promising additive for eco-friendly use in detergent industries. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8ec3cbf9dcfa4562a4734138fec686df |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-8ec3cbf9dcfa4562a4734138fec686df2025-08-20T02:17:50ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-04-0115111710.1038/s41598-025-98094-wProduction optimization of a thermostable alkaline and detergent biocompatible protease by Bacillus paramycoides WSA for the green detergent industryWafa A. Alshehri0Sarah A. Alhothifi1Ashjan F. Khalel2Fatimah S. Alqahtani3Bilel Hadrich4Adel Sayari5Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of JeddahDepartment of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of JeddahDepartment of Biology, University College of Aldarb, Jazan UniversityDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of BishaDepartment of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU)Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of JeddahAbstract Industrial applications are evolving to replace chemical catalysts with eco-friendly solutions. This work enhances extracellular protease production from a newly isolated proteolytic Bacillus paramycoides WSA using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The used quadratic model demonstrated a good fit with R2 = 80.59%, R2 Adj = 57.94%, a high degree of significance (p = 0.017 < 0.05), and a low RMSE = 0.030 U/mL. Maximum protease activity of 1.346 ± 0.060 U/mL was obtained after 8 h-cultivation at 45 °C and pH 7. The protease activity is maximal at 45 °C and pH 10. It maintains 75% of its activity after 10 min of incubation at 80 °C. Furthermore, the enzyme was found to be stable in an alkaline environment, retaining 89% of its activity after 1 h incubation at pH 12. Several metal ions, surfactants, and inhibitors increased protease performance. Indeed, 110% and 140% protease activity was measured in the presence of 5 mM CoCl2 and CaCl2, respectively. Similarly, 105%, 128%, 135%, 144%, and 160% protease activity were measured in the presence of 0.5% of Tween 20, EDTA, Sodium azide, uric acid, and SDS, respectively. Interestingly, the enzyme activity was enhanced (138%) after 1 h of incubation with 1% Reem detergent. Furthermore, this protease (10 U/mL), in combination with 0.7% detergent, could clean bloodstained fabric after 10 min incubation at 45 °C. Our results suggest that this thermostable, alkaline, and detergent-biocompatible protease could be a promising additive for eco-friendly use in detergent industries.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-98094-wAlkaline and thermostable Bacillus paramycoides proteaseResponse surface methodologyProduction optimizationBloodstain enzymatic cleaning |
| spellingShingle | Wafa A. Alshehri Sarah A. Alhothifi Ashjan F. Khalel Fatimah S. Alqahtani Bilel Hadrich Adel Sayari Production optimization of a thermostable alkaline and detergent biocompatible protease by Bacillus paramycoides WSA for the green detergent industry Scientific Reports Alkaline and thermostable Bacillus paramycoides protease Response surface methodology Production optimization Bloodstain enzymatic cleaning |
| title | Production optimization of a thermostable alkaline and detergent biocompatible protease by Bacillus paramycoides WSA for the green detergent industry |
| title_full | Production optimization of a thermostable alkaline and detergent biocompatible protease by Bacillus paramycoides WSA for the green detergent industry |
| title_fullStr | Production optimization of a thermostable alkaline and detergent biocompatible protease by Bacillus paramycoides WSA for the green detergent industry |
| title_full_unstemmed | Production optimization of a thermostable alkaline and detergent biocompatible protease by Bacillus paramycoides WSA for the green detergent industry |
| title_short | Production optimization of a thermostable alkaline and detergent biocompatible protease by Bacillus paramycoides WSA for the green detergent industry |
| title_sort | production optimization of a thermostable alkaline and detergent biocompatible protease by bacillus paramycoides wsa for the green detergent industry |
| topic | Alkaline and thermostable Bacillus paramycoides protease Response surface methodology Production optimization Bloodstain enzymatic cleaning |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-98094-w |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT wafaaalshehri productionoptimizationofathermostablealkalineanddetergentbiocompatibleproteasebybacillusparamycoideswsaforthegreendetergentindustry AT sarahaalhothifi productionoptimizationofathermostablealkalineanddetergentbiocompatibleproteasebybacillusparamycoideswsaforthegreendetergentindustry AT ashjanfkhalel productionoptimizationofathermostablealkalineanddetergentbiocompatibleproteasebybacillusparamycoideswsaforthegreendetergentindustry AT fatimahsalqahtani productionoptimizationofathermostablealkalineanddetergentbiocompatibleproteasebybacillusparamycoideswsaforthegreendetergentindustry AT bilelhadrich productionoptimizationofathermostablealkalineanddetergentbiocompatibleproteasebybacillusparamycoideswsaforthegreendetergentindustry AT adelsayari productionoptimizationofathermostablealkalineanddetergentbiocompatibleproteasebybacillusparamycoideswsaforthegreendetergentindustry |