Decoupling Analysis of Parameter Inconsistencies in Lithium-Ion Battery Packs Guiding Balancing System Design

Inconsistencies in lithium-ion battery packs pose significant challenges for both electric vehicles and energy storage systems, causing diminished energy utilization and accelerated battery aging. This study investigates the characteristics and aging processes of 32 batteries, creating simulation mo...

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Main Authors: Yanzhou Duan, Wenbin Ye, Qiang Zhang, Jixu Wang, Jiahuan Lu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Energies
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/13/3439
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author Yanzhou Duan
Wenbin Ye
Qiang Zhang
Jixu Wang
Jiahuan Lu
author_facet Yanzhou Duan
Wenbin Ye
Qiang Zhang
Jixu Wang
Jiahuan Lu
author_sort Yanzhou Duan
collection DOAJ
description Inconsistencies in lithium-ion battery packs pose significant challenges for both electric vehicles and energy storage systems, causing diminished energy utilization and accelerated battery aging. This study investigates the characteristics and aging processes of 32 batteries, creating simulation models for cells and packs based on experimental data. Through a controlled single-variable approach, the decoupled analysis of multi-parameter inconsistencies is carried out. Simulation results demonstrate that parallel-connected packs can maintain charge consistency without the need for external balancing systems, thanks to their self-balancing mechanisms. On the other hand, series-connected packs experience accelerated capacity degradation primarily due to charge inconsistencies linked to differences in Coulombic efficiency (CE) and the initial state of charge (SOC). For packs with minor capacity variations and temperature inconsistencies, a passive balancing current of 0.001 C can effectively eliminate up to 3.8% of capacity loss caused by charge inconsistencies within 15 cycles. Active balancing systems outperform passive ones primarily when there is significant capacity inconsistency. However, for packs that have undergone capacity screening before assembly, both active and passive balancing systems prove to be equally effective. Additionally, inconsistencies in internal resistance have a minimal impact on overall pack capacity but limit the power of both series-connected and parallel-connected packs. These findings offer essential insights for the development of balancing systems within battery management systems.
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spelling doaj-art-8e3bfe3fa84941ca947b3354757a3c8b2025-08-20T02:35:59ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732025-06-011813343910.3390/en18133439Decoupling Analysis of Parameter Inconsistencies in Lithium-Ion Battery Packs Guiding Balancing System DesignYanzhou Duan0Wenbin Ye1Qiang Zhang2Jixu Wang3Jiahuan Lu4China Academy of Space Technology Hangzhou Institute, Hangzhou 310024, ChinaChina Academy of Space Technology Hangzhou Institute, Hangzhou 310024, ChinaChina Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, ChinaChina Academy of Space Technology Hangzhou Institute, Hangzhou 310024, ChinaCollege of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaInconsistencies in lithium-ion battery packs pose significant challenges for both electric vehicles and energy storage systems, causing diminished energy utilization and accelerated battery aging. This study investigates the characteristics and aging processes of 32 batteries, creating simulation models for cells and packs based on experimental data. Through a controlled single-variable approach, the decoupled analysis of multi-parameter inconsistencies is carried out. Simulation results demonstrate that parallel-connected packs can maintain charge consistency without the need for external balancing systems, thanks to their self-balancing mechanisms. On the other hand, series-connected packs experience accelerated capacity degradation primarily due to charge inconsistencies linked to differences in Coulombic efficiency (CE) and the initial state of charge (SOC). For packs with minor capacity variations and temperature inconsistencies, a passive balancing current of 0.001 C can effectively eliminate up to 3.8% of capacity loss caused by charge inconsistencies within 15 cycles. Active balancing systems outperform passive ones primarily when there is significant capacity inconsistency. However, for packs that have undergone capacity screening before assembly, both active and passive balancing systems prove to be equally effective. Additionally, inconsistencies in internal resistance have a minimal impact on overall pack capacity but limit the power of both series-connected and parallel-connected packs. These findings offer essential insights for the development of balancing systems within battery management systems.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/13/3439lithium-ion batterybattery packinconsistencypassive balancingactive balancingbattery management system
spellingShingle Yanzhou Duan
Wenbin Ye
Qiang Zhang
Jixu Wang
Jiahuan Lu
Decoupling Analysis of Parameter Inconsistencies in Lithium-Ion Battery Packs Guiding Balancing System Design
Energies
lithium-ion battery
battery pack
inconsistency
passive balancing
active balancing
battery management system
title Decoupling Analysis of Parameter Inconsistencies in Lithium-Ion Battery Packs Guiding Balancing System Design
title_full Decoupling Analysis of Parameter Inconsistencies in Lithium-Ion Battery Packs Guiding Balancing System Design
title_fullStr Decoupling Analysis of Parameter Inconsistencies in Lithium-Ion Battery Packs Guiding Balancing System Design
title_full_unstemmed Decoupling Analysis of Parameter Inconsistencies in Lithium-Ion Battery Packs Guiding Balancing System Design
title_short Decoupling Analysis of Parameter Inconsistencies in Lithium-Ion Battery Packs Guiding Balancing System Design
title_sort decoupling analysis of parameter inconsistencies in lithium ion battery packs guiding balancing system design
topic lithium-ion battery
battery pack
inconsistency
passive balancing
active balancing
battery management system
url https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/13/3439
work_keys_str_mv AT yanzhouduan decouplinganalysisofparameterinconsistenciesinlithiumionbatterypacksguidingbalancingsystemdesign
AT wenbinye decouplinganalysisofparameterinconsistenciesinlithiumionbatterypacksguidingbalancingsystemdesign
AT qiangzhang decouplinganalysisofparameterinconsistenciesinlithiumionbatterypacksguidingbalancingsystemdesign
AT jixuwang decouplinganalysisofparameterinconsistenciesinlithiumionbatterypacksguidingbalancingsystemdesign
AT jiahuanlu decouplinganalysisofparameterinconsistenciesinlithiumionbatterypacksguidingbalancingsystemdesign