Integrated Management Strategies for Blackleg Disease of Canola Amidst Climate Change Challenges

Blackleg caused by a hemi-biotrophic fungus <i>Plenodomus lingam</i> (syn. <i>Leptosphaeria maculans</i>) poses a significant threat to global canola production. Changing climatic conditions further exacerbate the intensity and prevalence of blackleg epidemics. Shifts in temp...

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Main Authors: Khizar Razzaq, Luis E. Del Río Mendoza, Bita Babakhani, Abdolbaset Azizi, Hasnain Razzaq, Mahfuz Rahman
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Journal of Fungi
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/11/7/514
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author Khizar Razzaq
Luis E. Del Río Mendoza
Bita Babakhani
Abdolbaset Azizi
Hasnain Razzaq
Mahfuz Rahman
author_facet Khizar Razzaq
Luis E. Del Río Mendoza
Bita Babakhani
Abdolbaset Azizi
Hasnain Razzaq
Mahfuz Rahman
author_sort Khizar Razzaq
collection DOAJ
description Blackleg caused by a hemi-biotrophic fungus <i>Plenodomus lingam</i> (syn. <i>Leptosphaeria maculans</i>) poses a significant threat to global canola production. Changing climatic conditions further exacerbate the intensity and prevalence of blackleg epidemics. Shifts in temperature, humidity, and precipitation patterns can enhance pathogen virulence and disease spread. This review synthesizes the knowledge on integrated disease management (IDM) approaches for blackleg, including crop rotation, resistant cultivars, and chemical and biological controls, with an emphasis on advanced strategies such as disease forecasting models, remote sensing, and climate-adapted breeding. Notably, bibliometric analysis reveals an increasing research focus on the intersection of blackleg, climate change, and sustainable disease management. However, critical research gaps remain, which include the lack of region-specific forecasting models, the limited availability of effective biological control agents, and underexplored socio-economic factors limiting farmer adoption of IDM. Additionally, the review identifies an urgent need for policy support and investment in breeding programs using emerging tools like AI-driven decision support systems, CRISPR/Cas9, and gene stacking to optimize fungicide use and resistance deployment. Overall, this review highlights the importance of coordinated, multidisciplinary efforts, integrating plant pathology, breeding, climate modeling, and socio-economic analysis to develop climate-resilient, locally adapted, and economically viable IDM strategies for sustainable canola production.
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spelling doaj-art-8df5db9cca4547b09827a2ce38b3f01f2025-08-20T03:08:09ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2025-07-0111751410.3390/jof11070514Integrated Management Strategies for Blackleg Disease of Canola Amidst Climate Change ChallengesKhizar Razzaq0Luis E. Del Río Mendoza1Bita Babakhani2Abdolbaset Azizi3Hasnain Razzaq4Mahfuz Rahman5Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USADepartment of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USADepartment of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USADepartment of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USADepartment of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, PakistanWVUExtension Service, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USABlackleg caused by a hemi-biotrophic fungus <i>Plenodomus lingam</i> (syn. <i>Leptosphaeria maculans</i>) poses a significant threat to global canola production. Changing climatic conditions further exacerbate the intensity and prevalence of blackleg epidemics. Shifts in temperature, humidity, and precipitation patterns can enhance pathogen virulence and disease spread. This review synthesizes the knowledge on integrated disease management (IDM) approaches for blackleg, including crop rotation, resistant cultivars, and chemical and biological controls, with an emphasis on advanced strategies such as disease forecasting models, remote sensing, and climate-adapted breeding. Notably, bibliometric analysis reveals an increasing research focus on the intersection of blackleg, climate change, and sustainable disease management. However, critical research gaps remain, which include the lack of region-specific forecasting models, the limited availability of effective biological control agents, and underexplored socio-economic factors limiting farmer adoption of IDM. Additionally, the review identifies an urgent need for policy support and investment in breeding programs using emerging tools like AI-driven decision support systems, CRISPR/Cas9, and gene stacking to optimize fungicide use and resistance deployment. Overall, this review highlights the importance of coordinated, multidisciplinary efforts, integrating plant pathology, breeding, climate modeling, and socio-economic analysis to develop climate-resilient, locally adapted, and economically viable IDM strategies for sustainable canola production.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/11/7/514climate changeintegrated disease managementblacklegcanolacrop rotationdurable resistance
spellingShingle Khizar Razzaq
Luis E. Del Río Mendoza
Bita Babakhani
Abdolbaset Azizi
Hasnain Razzaq
Mahfuz Rahman
Integrated Management Strategies for Blackleg Disease of Canola Amidst Climate Change Challenges
Journal of Fungi
climate change
integrated disease management
blackleg
canola
crop rotation
durable resistance
title Integrated Management Strategies for Blackleg Disease of Canola Amidst Climate Change Challenges
title_full Integrated Management Strategies for Blackleg Disease of Canola Amidst Climate Change Challenges
title_fullStr Integrated Management Strategies for Blackleg Disease of Canola Amidst Climate Change Challenges
title_full_unstemmed Integrated Management Strategies for Blackleg Disease of Canola Amidst Climate Change Challenges
title_short Integrated Management Strategies for Blackleg Disease of Canola Amidst Climate Change Challenges
title_sort integrated management strategies for blackleg disease of canola amidst climate change challenges
topic climate change
integrated disease management
blackleg
canola
crop rotation
durable resistance
url https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/11/7/514
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