Unraveling the Toxicity of a Non-Microcystin-Producing Strain (CCIBt3106) of <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>: Ecotoxicological Effects on Aquatic Invertebrates
Cyanobacterial blooms are becoming increasingly frequent and intense worldwide, often dominated by <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>, a species capable of producing a wide array of bioactive metabolites beyond microcystins. This study evaluates the ecotoxicological potential of a non-microcy...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-06-01
|
| Series: | Toxins |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/7/321 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1849418830516846592 |
|---|---|
| author | Éryka Costa Almeida Fernanda Rios Jacinavicius Rhuana Valdetário Médice Rafaella Bizo Menezes Larissa Souza Passos Dominique Anderson Jaewon Yoon Elaine Dias Faria Camila Manoel Crnkovic Ana Lúcia Fonseca Theodore Henry Ernani Pinto |
| author_facet | Éryka Costa Almeida Fernanda Rios Jacinavicius Rhuana Valdetário Médice Rafaella Bizo Menezes Larissa Souza Passos Dominique Anderson Jaewon Yoon Elaine Dias Faria Camila Manoel Crnkovic Ana Lúcia Fonseca Theodore Henry Ernani Pinto |
| author_sort | Éryka Costa Almeida |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cyanobacterial blooms are becoming increasingly frequent and intense worldwide, often dominated by <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>, a species capable of producing a wide array of bioactive metabolites beyond microcystins. This study evaluates the ecotoxicological potential of a non-microcystin-producing strain, <i>M. aeruginosa</i> CCIBt3106, using acute immobilization assays with three microcrustacean species: <i>Daphnia similis</i>, <i>Artemia salina</i>, and <i>Parhyale hawaiensis</i>. Biomass was extracted using solvents of varying polarity, and selected extracts (aqueous and 50% methanol) were further fractionated and analyzed via high-resolution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HR-LC-MS/MS). Significant toxicity was observed in <i>D. similis</i> and <i>P. hawaiensis</i>, with EC<sub>50</sub> values ranging from 660 to 940 µg mL<sup>−1</sup>. Metabolomic profiling revealed the presence of chemically diverse metabolite classes, including peptides, polyketides, and fatty acyls, with putative annotations linked to known bioactivities. These findings demonstrate that cyanobacterial strains lacking microcystins can still produce complex metabolite mixtures capable of inducing species-specific toxic effects under environmentally relevant exposure levels. Overall, the results highlight the need to expand ecotoxicological assessments and monitoring frameworks to include non-microcystin cyanobacterial metabolites and strains in water quality management. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8df21e50d30945e4aebd5adc03ffe574 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj-art-8df21e50d30945e4aebd5adc03ffe5742025-08-20T03:32:19ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512025-06-0117732110.3390/toxins17070321Unraveling the Toxicity of a Non-Microcystin-Producing Strain (CCIBt3106) of <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>: Ecotoxicological Effects on Aquatic InvertebratesÉryka Costa Almeida0Fernanda Rios Jacinavicius1Rhuana Valdetário Médice2Rafaella Bizo Menezes3Larissa Souza Passos4Dominique Anderson5Jaewon Yoon6Elaine Dias Faria7Camila Manoel Crnkovic8Ana Lúcia Fonseca9Theodore Henry10Ernani Pinto11Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, BrazilDepartment of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, BrazilDepartment of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, BrazilLaboratory of Environmental Biogeochemistry, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13400-970, BrazilDepartment of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, BrazilCenter for Marine Biodiversity & Biotechnology (CMBB), Institute of Life and Earth Sciences (ILES), School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society (EGIS), Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UKDepartment of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, BrazilNatural Resources Institute, Federal University of Itajubá, Itajuba 37500-903, BrazilDepartment of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, BrazilNatural Resources Institute, Federal University of Itajubá, Itajuba 37500-903, BrazilCenter for Marine Biodiversity & Biotechnology (CMBB), Institute of Life and Earth Sciences (ILES), School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society (EGIS), Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UKDepartment of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, BrazilCyanobacterial blooms are becoming increasingly frequent and intense worldwide, often dominated by <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>, a species capable of producing a wide array of bioactive metabolites beyond microcystins. This study evaluates the ecotoxicological potential of a non-microcystin-producing strain, <i>M. aeruginosa</i> CCIBt3106, using acute immobilization assays with three microcrustacean species: <i>Daphnia similis</i>, <i>Artemia salina</i>, and <i>Parhyale hawaiensis</i>. Biomass was extracted using solvents of varying polarity, and selected extracts (aqueous and 50% methanol) were further fractionated and analyzed via high-resolution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HR-LC-MS/MS). Significant toxicity was observed in <i>D. similis</i> and <i>P. hawaiensis</i>, with EC<sub>50</sub> values ranging from 660 to 940 µg mL<sup>−1</sup>. Metabolomic profiling revealed the presence of chemically diverse metabolite classes, including peptides, polyketides, and fatty acyls, with putative annotations linked to known bioactivities. These findings demonstrate that cyanobacterial strains lacking microcystins can still produce complex metabolite mixtures capable of inducing species-specific toxic effects under environmentally relevant exposure levels. Overall, the results highlight the need to expand ecotoxicological assessments and monitoring frameworks to include non-microcystin cyanobacterial metabolites and strains in water quality management.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/7/321cyanobacteriasecondary metabolitesecotoxicology<i>Daphnia similis</i><i>Parhyale hawaiensis</i>non-microcystin-producing strain |
| spellingShingle | Éryka Costa Almeida Fernanda Rios Jacinavicius Rhuana Valdetário Médice Rafaella Bizo Menezes Larissa Souza Passos Dominique Anderson Jaewon Yoon Elaine Dias Faria Camila Manoel Crnkovic Ana Lúcia Fonseca Theodore Henry Ernani Pinto Unraveling the Toxicity of a Non-Microcystin-Producing Strain (CCIBt3106) of <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>: Ecotoxicological Effects on Aquatic Invertebrates Toxins cyanobacteria secondary metabolites ecotoxicology <i>Daphnia similis</i> <i>Parhyale hawaiensis</i> non-microcystin-producing strain |
| title | Unraveling the Toxicity of a Non-Microcystin-Producing Strain (CCIBt3106) of <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>: Ecotoxicological Effects on Aquatic Invertebrates |
| title_full | Unraveling the Toxicity of a Non-Microcystin-Producing Strain (CCIBt3106) of <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>: Ecotoxicological Effects on Aquatic Invertebrates |
| title_fullStr | Unraveling the Toxicity of a Non-Microcystin-Producing Strain (CCIBt3106) of <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>: Ecotoxicological Effects on Aquatic Invertebrates |
| title_full_unstemmed | Unraveling the Toxicity of a Non-Microcystin-Producing Strain (CCIBt3106) of <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>: Ecotoxicological Effects on Aquatic Invertebrates |
| title_short | Unraveling the Toxicity of a Non-Microcystin-Producing Strain (CCIBt3106) of <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>: Ecotoxicological Effects on Aquatic Invertebrates |
| title_sort | unraveling the toxicity of a non microcystin producing strain ccibt3106 of i microcystis aeruginosa i ecotoxicological effects on aquatic invertebrates |
| topic | cyanobacteria secondary metabolites ecotoxicology <i>Daphnia similis</i> <i>Parhyale hawaiensis</i> non-microcystin-producing strain |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/7/321 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT erykacostaalmeida unravelingthetoxicityofanonmicrocystinproducingstrainccibt3106ofimicrocystisaeruginosaiecotoxicologicaleffectsonaquaticinvertebrates AT fernandariosjacinavicius unravelingthetoxicityofanonmicrocystinproducingstrainccibt3106ofimicrocystisaeruginosaiecotoxicologicaleffectsonaquaticinvertebrates AT rhuanavaldetariomedice unravelingthetoxicityofanonmicrocystinproducingstrainccibt3106ofimicrocystisaeruginosaiecotoxicologicaleffectsonaquaticinvertebrates AT rafaellabizomenezes unravelingthetoxicityofanonmicrocystinproducingstrainccibt3106ofimicrocystisaeruginosaiecotoxicologicaleffectsonaquaticinvertebrates AT larissasouzapassos unravelingthetoxicityofanonmicrocystinproducingstrainccibt3106ofimicrocystisaeruginosaiecotoxicologicaleffectsonaquaticinvertebrates AT dominiqueanderson unravelingthetoxicityofanonmicrocystinproducingstrainccibt3106ofimicrocystisaeruginosaiecotoxicologicaleffectsonaquaticinvertebrates AT jaewonyoon unravelingthetoxicityofanonmicrocystinproducingstrainccibt3106ofimicrocystisaeruginosaiecotoxicologicaleffectsonaquaticinvertebrates AT elainediasfaria unravelingthetoxicityofanonmicrocystinproducingstrainccibt3106ofimicrocystisaeruginosaiecotoxicologicaleffectsonaquaticinvertebrates AT camilamanoelcrnkovic unravelingthetoxicityofanonmicrocystinproducingstrainccibt3106ofimicrocystisaeruginosaiecotoxicologicaleffectsonaquaticinvertebrates AT analuciafonseca unravelingthetoxicityofanonmicrocystinproducingstrainccibt3106ofimicrocystisaeruginosaiecotoxicologicaleffectsonaquaticinvertebrates AT theodorehenry unravelingthetoxicityofanonmicrocystinproducingstrainccibt3106ofimicrocystisaeruginosaiecotoxicologicaleffectsonaquaticinvertebrates AT ernanipinto unravelingthetoxicityofanonmicrocystinproducingstrainccibt3106ofimicrocystisaeruginosaiecotoxicologicaleffectsonaquaticinvertebrates |