Heterologous prime-boost immunization combining parenteral and mucosal routes with different adjuvants mounts long-lived CD4+ T cell responses in lungs

IntroductionAirway mucosa represents the main entry point for several human pathogens, and as such vaccines against respiratory diseases should ideally elicit protective immune responses in the airways. We have previously reported two immunomodulatory adjuvants based on non-toxic derivatives of Chol...

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Main Authors: Ranmali Kavishna, Thorunn Asta Olafsdottir, Siggeir F. Brynjólfsson, Dennis Christensen, Tobias Gustafsson-Hedberg, Peter Andersen, Manuela Terrinoni, Jan Holmgren, Ali M. Harandi
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Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-07-01
Series:Frontiers in Immunology
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1599713/full
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author Ranmali Kavishna
Thorunn Asta Olafsdottir
Siggeir F. Brynjólfsson
Dennis Christensen
Tobias Gustafsson-Hedberg
Peter Andersen
Manuela Terrinoni
Jan Holmgren
Ali M. Harandi
Ali M. Harandi
author_facet Ranmali Kavishna
Thorunn Asta Olafsdottir
Siggeir F. Brynjólfsson
Dennis Christensen
Tobias Gustafsson-Hedberg
Peter Andersen
Manuela Terrinoni
Jan Holmgren
Ali M. Harandi
Ali M. Harandi
author_sort Ranmali Kavishna
collection DOAJ
description IntroductionAirway mucosa represents the main entry point for several human pathogens, and as such vaccines against respiratory diseases should ideally elicit protective immune responses in the airways. We have previously reported two immunomodulatory adjuvants based on non-toxic derivatives of Cholera toxin (CT), namely mmCT and CTB-CpG with strong ability to mount mucosal immune responses.MethodsHerein, we aimed to pinpoint the potential of prime-boost immunization approaches using the fusion-protein based Mycobacterium tuberculosis subunit vaccine candidate H56 as a model antigen, combined with adjuvants CAF01, mmCT, and CTB-CpG in mice. This included a parenteral H56+CAF01 priming followed by an intranasal boost with H56+CAF01, H56+mmCT, or H56+CTB-CpG, compared with repeated homologous intranasal administrations of H56 with each adjuvant.ResultsWe observed that a parenteral prime with H56+CAF01 followed by an intranasal H56+CTB-CpG booster immunization triggered a Th1-skewed immune response. Conversely, combining the parenteral H56+CAF01 prime with an intranasal H56+mmCT boost resulted in a mixed Th1/Th17-skewed immune response. Notably, the latter combination also engendered anamnestic, long-lived T-cell responses in the lungs which homologous intranasal H56+mmCT immunizations failed to induce.DiscussionThese results suggest that an immunization regimen consists of parenteral priming with H56+CAF01 followed by an airway boosting with H56 protein and mucosal adjuvants holds promise in mounting combined systemic and mucosal immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and as such warrants further exploration. Given the rising interest in mucosal vaccines for respiratory pathogens, these findings offer an important immunological framework for future translational studies.
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spelling doaj-art-8dbf3b4dea8546c7a2489c95e1bec0bd2025-08-20T03:15:54ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242025-07-011610.3389/fimmu.2025.15997131599713Heterologous prime-boost immunization combining parenteral and mucosal routes with different adjuvants mounts long-lived CD4+ T cell responses in lungsRanmali Kavishna0Thorunn Asta Olafsdottir1Siggeir F. Brynjólfsson2Dennis Christensen3Tobias Gustafsson-Hedberg4Peter Andersen5Manuela Terrinoni6Jan Holmgren7Ali M. Harandi8Ali M. Harandi9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenVaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, CanadaIntroductionAirway mucosa represents the main entry point for several human pathogens, and as such vaccines against respiratory diseases should ideally elicit protective immune responses in the airways. We have previously reported two immunomodulatory adjuvants based on non-toxic derivatives of Cholera toxin (CT), namely mmCT and CTB-CpG with strong ability to mount mucosal immune responses.MethodsHerein, we aimed to pinpoint the potential of prime-boost immunization approaches using the fusion-protein based Mycobacterium tuberculosis subunit vaccine candidate H56 as a model antigen, combined with adjuvants CAF01, mmCT, and CTB-CpG in mice. This included a parenteral H56+CAF01 priming followed by an intranasal boost with H56+CAF01, H56+mmCT, or H56+CTB-CpG, compared with repeated homologous intranasal administrations of H56 with each adjuvant.ResultsWe observed that a parenteral prime with H56+CAF01 followed by an intranasal H56+CTB-CpG booster immunization triggered a Th1-skewed immune response. Conversely, combining the parenteral H56+CAF01 prime with an intranasal H56+mmCT boost resulted in a mixed Th1/Th17-skewed immune response. Notably, the latter combination also engendered anamnestic, long-lived T-cell responses in the lungs which homologous intranasal H56+mmCT immunizations failed to induce.DiscussionThese results suggest that an immunization regimen consists of parenteral priming with H56+CAF01 followed by an airway boosting with H56 protein and mucosal adjuvants holds promise in mounting combined systemic and mucosal immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and as such warrants further exploration. Given the rising interest in mucosal vaccines for respiratory pathogens, these findings offer an important immunological framework for future translational studies.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1599713/fulladjuvantsprime-boost immunizationparenteral routemucosal routeT cell response
spellingShingle Ranmali Kavishna
Thorunn Asta Olafsdottir
Siggeir F. Brynjólfsson
Dennis Christensen
Tobias Gustafsson-Hedberg
Peter Andersen
Manuela Terrinoni
Jan Holmgren
Ali M. Harandi
Ali M. Harandi
Heterologous prime-boost immunization combining parenteral and mucosal routes with different adjuvants mounts long-lived CD4+ T cell responses in lungs
Frontiers in Immunology
adjuvants
prime-boost immunization
parenteral route
mucosal route
T cell response
title Heterologous prime-boost immunization combining parenteral and mucosal routes with different adjuvants mounts long-lived CD4+ T cell responses in lungs
title_full Heterologous prime-boost immunization combining parenteral and mucosal routes with different adjuvants mounts long-lived CD4+ T cell responses in lungs
title_fullStr Heterologous prime-boost immunization combining parenteral and mucosal routes with different adjuvants mounts long-lived CD4+ T cell responses in lungs
title_full_unstemmed Heterologous prime-boost immunization combining parenteral and mucosal routes with different adjuvants mounts long-lived CD4+ T cell responses in lungs
title_short Heterologous prime-boost immunization combining parenteral and mucosal routes with different adjuvants mounts long-lived CD4+ T cell responses in lungs
title_sort heterologous prime boost immunization combining parenteral and mucosal routes with different adjuvants mounts long lived cd4 t cell responses in lungs
topic adjuvants
prime-boost immunization
parenteral route
mucosal route
T cell response
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1599713/full
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