Fertilization Induced Soil Microbial Shifts Show Minor Effects on <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> Yield
Fertilization can improve soil nutrition and increase the yield of <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i>, but the response of soil microbial communities to fertilization treatments and their correlation with soil nutrition and <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> yield are unclear. In order to inve...
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| author | Juntao Liu Zhexiu Yu Yingyun Gong Jie Chen Ling Zhou Weihua Zhang Liming Jia |
| author_facet | Juntao Liu Zhexiu Yu Yingyun Gong Jie Chen Ling Zhou Weihua Zhang Liming Jia |
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| description | Fertilization can improve soil nutrition and increase the yield of <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i>, but the response of soil microbial communities to fertilization treatments and their correlation with soil nutrition and <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> yield are unclear. In order to investigate the characteristics of soil physicochemical qualities and the bacterial community, we carried out a field experiment comparing various quantities of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers to the unfertilized control treatments and the yield of <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> in raw material forests in response to different applications of fertilizers and to try to clarify the interrelation among the three. Results showed that (1) there are significant differences in the effects of different fertilization treatments on the soil properties of <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> raw material forests. The increase in the application rates of nitrogen or phosphorus fertilizers significantly reduced the soil pH value. (2) Compared with control, the α-diversity of bacterial communities was significantly lower in N<sub>3</sub>P<sub>2</sub>K<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>1</sub>P<sub>1</sub>K<sub>2</sub> treatments. Among the dominant groups of soil bacteria at the phylum level, the relative abundance of <i>Chloroflexi</i> showed an increase and then a decrease trend with the increase in N application. The relative abundance of <i>Firmicutes</i>, <i>Bacteroidota</i>, and <i>Fusobacteriota</i> was positively correlated with the application of P and K fertilizers, while the relative abundance of <i>Acidobacteriota</i> and <i>Verrucomicrobiota</i> decreased with the increase in P and K fertilizers. (3) The N<sub>2</sub>P<sub>2</sub>K<sub>2</sub> treatment produced the highest <i>sapindus</i> yield (1464.58 kg/ha), which increased by 258.67% above the control. (4) Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the primary determinants of bacterial community structure were soil pH, total K, and effective P concentration. (5) Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that soil nutrient content was the main direct factor driving the yield of <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i>, whereas the bacterial community attributes (e.g., diversity and structure) had minor effects on the yield. In summary, the rational use of formulated fertilization can change the bacterial community structure, improve the bacterial diversity, and increase the soil nutrient content, with the latter exerting a significant effect on the improvement of the yield of <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i>. |
| format | Article |
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| spelling | doaj-art-8db15120081d4117a32e03cbe79325b42025-01-24T13:42:55ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072025-01-0113117310.3390/microorganisms13010173Fertilization Induced Soil Microbial Shifts Show Minor Effects on <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> YieldJuntao Liu0Zhexiu Yu1Yingyun Gong2Jie Chen3Ling Zhou4Weihua Zhang5Liming Jia6Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaKey Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaKey Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaResearch Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, ChinaKey Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, ChinaKey Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, ChinaFertilization can improve soil nutrition and increase the yield of <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i>, but the response of soil microbial communities to fertilization treatments and their correlation with soil nutrition and <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> yield are unclear. In order to investigate the characteristics of soil physicochemical qualities and the bacterial community, we carried out a field experiment comparing various quantities of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers to the unfertilized control treatments and the yield of <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> in raw material forests in response to different applications of fertilizers and to try to clarify the interrelation among the three. Results showed that (1) there are significant differences in the effects of different fertilization treatments on the soil properties of <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> raw material forests. The increase in the application rates of nitrogen or phosphorus fertilizers significantly reduced the soil pH value. (2) Compared with control, the α-diversity of bacterial communities was significantly lower in N<sub>3</sub>P<sub>2</sub>K<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>1</sub>P<sub>1</sub>K<sub>2</sub> treatments. Among the dominant groups of soil bacteria at the phylum level, the relative abundance of <i>Chloroflexi</i> showed an increase and then a decrease trend with the increase in N application. The relative abundance of <i>Firmicutes</i>, <i>Bacteroidota</i>, and <i>Fusobacteriota</i> was positively correlated with the application of P and K fertilizers, while the relative abundance of <i>Acidobacteriota</i> and <i>Verrucomicrobiota</i> decreased with the increase in P and K fertilizers. (3) The N<sub>2</sub>P<sub>2</sub>K<sub>2</sub> treatment produced the highest <i>sapindus</i> yield (1464.58 kg/ha), which increased by 258.67% above the control. (4) Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the primary determinants of bacterial community structure were soil pH, total K, and effective P concentration. (5) Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that soil nutrient content was the main direct factor driving the yield of <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i>, whereas the bacterial community attributes (e.g., diversity and structure) had minor effects on the yield. In summary, the rational use of formulated fertilization can change the bacterial community structure, improve the bacterial diversity, and increase the soil nutrient content, with the latter exerting a significant effect on the improvement of the yield of <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/1/173bacterial communitydiversityfertilization<i>Sapindus mukorossi</i>soil fertilitystructural distribution |
| spellingShingle | Juntao Liu Zhexiu Yu Yingyun Gong Jie Chen Ling Zhou Weihua Zhang Liming Jia Fertilization Induced Soil Microbial Shifts Show Minor Effects on <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> Yield Microorganisms bacterial community diversity fertilization <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> soil fertility structural distribution |
| title | Fertilization Induced Soil Microbial Shifts Show Minor Effects on <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> Yield |
| title_full | Fertilization Induced Soil Microbial Shifts Show Minor Effects on <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> Yield |
| title_fullStr | Fertilization Induced Soil Microbial Shifts Show Minor Effects on <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> Yield |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fertilization Induced Soil Microbial Shifts Show Minor Effects on <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> Yield |
| title_short | Fertilization Induced Soil Microbial Shifts Show Minor Effects on <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> Yield |
| title_sort | fertilization induced soil microbial shifts show minor effects on i sapindus mukorossi i yield |
| topic | bacterial community diversity fertilization <i>Sapindus mukorossi</i> soil fertility structural distribution |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/1/173 |
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