Impact of COVID-19 pandemic phases on emergency medical services reaction times in Southern Poland

Abstract This study analyses Emergency Medical Services (EMS) reaction times and call volumes in Małopolska, Poland, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2023). The main objective was to evaluate healthcare system strain under different phases of the pandemic and to identify temporal pattern...

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Main Authors: Michał Lupa, Monika Chuchro
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-08-01
Series:Scientific Reports
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-14324-1
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author Michał Lupa
Monika Chuchro
author_facet Michał Lupa
Monika Chuchro
author_sort Michał Lupa
collection DOAJ
description Abstract This study analyses Emergency Medical Services (EMS) reaction times and call volumes in Małopolska, Poland, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2023). The main objective was to evaluate healthcare system strain under different phases of the pandemic and to identify temporal patterns affecting EMS performance. Using statistical analyses, we investigated correlations between EMS call volumes and reaction times across various temporal scales, including hourly, daily, monthly, and yearly patterns. Results showed significant increases in EMS reaction times during pandemic peaks, especially during the vaccination rollout phase, correlating strongly with increased call volumes. The highest reaction delays occurred in December, weekends, and evening hours. Despite high call volumes, reaction times improved in later pandemic stages, indicating effective adaptation of EMS strategies. Seasonal and daily cyclicality in call patterns suggests opportunities for optimized resource allocation. The study highlights the resilience and adaptability of EMS systems under crisis conditions and recommends dynamic allocation strategies, accurate demand forecasting, and improved crisis communication. These findings offer critical insights for enhancing future EMS crisis management strategies and operational preparedness.
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spelling doaj-art-8d795a08a64e4f38ba29dcd4115bb4ba2025-08-24T11:20:29ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-08-0115111310.1038/s41598-025-14324-1Impact of COVID-19 pandemic phases on emergency medical services reaction times in Southern PolandMichał Lupa0Monika Chuchro1Faculty of Space Technologies, AGH University of KrakowDepartment of Geoinformatics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of KrakowAbstract This study analyses Emergency Medical Services (EMS) reaction times and call volumes in Małopolska, Poland, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2023). The main objective was to evaluate healthcare system strain under different phases of the pandemic and to identify temporal patterns affecting EMS performance. Using statistical analyses, we investigated correlations between EMS call volumes and reaction times across various temporal scales, including hourly, daily, monthly, and yearly patterns. Results showed significant increases in EMS reaction times during pandemic peaks, especially during the vaccination rollout phase, correlating strongly with increased call volumes. The highest reaction delays occurred in December, weekends, and evening hours. Despite high call volumes, reaction times improved in later pandemic stages, indicating effective adaptation of EMS strategies. Seasonal and daily cyclicality in call patterns suggests opportunities for optimized resource allocation. The study highlights the resilience and adaptability of EMS systems under crisis conditions and recommends dynamic allocation strategies, accurate demand forecasting, and improved crisis communication. These findings offer critical insights for enhancing future EMS crisis management strategies and operational preparedness.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-14324-1
spellingShingle Michał Lupa
Monika Chuchro
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic phases on emergency medical services reaction times in Southern Poland
Scientific Reports
title Impact of COVID-19 pandemic phases on emergency medical services reaction times in Southern Poland
title_full Impact of COVID-19 pandemic phases on emergency medical services reaction times in Southern Poland
title_fullStr Impact of COVID-19 pandemic phases on emergency medical services reaction times in Southern Poland
title_full_unstemmed Impact of COVID-19 pandemic phases on emergency medical services reaction times in Southern Poland
title_short Impact of COVID-19 pandemic phases on emergency medical services reaction times in Southern Poland
title_sort impact of covid 19 pandemic phases on emergency medical services reaction times in southern poland
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-14324-1
work_keys_str_mv AT michałlupa impactofcovid19pandemicphasesonemergencymedicalservicesreactiontimesinsouthernpoland
AT monikachuchro impactofcovid19pandemicphasesonemergencymedicalservicesreactiontimesinsouthernpoland