Assessment of Pulmonary Vein Diameters in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease
The present study aimed to compare pulmonary vein (PV) diameters between Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCSs) with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) and healthy CKCSs, assess correlations between PV diameters and echocardiographic parameters, and identify the optimal PV diameter cut-off value...
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Veterinary Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/12/7/615 |
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| author | Carlotta Ferri Juliette Besso Hugues Gaillot Yannick Ruel Albert Agoulon Christophe Bourguignon Clémence Mey Vassiliki Gouni |
| author_facet | Carlotta Ferri Juliette Besso Hugues Gaillot Yannick Ruel Albert Agoulon Christophe Bourguignon Clémence Mey Vassiliki Gouni |
| author_sort | Carlotta Ferri |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The present study aimed to compare pulmonary vein (PV) diameters between Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCSs) with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) and healthy CKCSs, assess correlations between PV diameters and echocardiographic parameters, and identify the optimal PV diameter cut-off value that distinguishes stage C from stage B2. CKCSs were recruited both retrospectively and prospectively and classified according to the ACVIM guidelines (stages A, B1, B2, and C). From a left apical view, the diameters of three PVs (PV1, PV2, and PV3) were measured with high reproducibility. In healthy dogs, the PV2 diameter showed no correlation with body weight. The PV2 diameter was significantly higher in stage B2 compared to B1 and in stage C compared to B2, while no difference was found between stages A and B1. The median (IQR) PV2 diameters were 4.9 mm (3.9–5.2) in stage A, 5.1 mm (4.0–6.0) in stage B1, 9.3 mm (7.3–11.1) in stage B2, and 13.7 mm (9.9–15.1) in stage C. Positive correlations were observed between the PV2 diameter and the left ventricular internal diameter normalized for body weight, the left atrium-to-aorta ratio, mitral E wave peak velocity, tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient, and regurgitant fraction. A PV2 diameter cut-off value of 12.8 mm discriminated stage C from stage B2 with 57% sensitivity and 93% specificity. The PV2 diameter is a reproducible echocardiographic measure that increases with MMVD severity and could assist in the early detection of congestive heart failure. However, the modest sensitivity observed reflects the overlap of PV2 measurements between stages B2 and C. Therefore, PV2 should be interpreted with caution and considered a supportive, rather than exclusive, tool in disease staging and therapeutic decision-making. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8d456d29ce3c458db3fed717bdee8e7b |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2306-7381 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Veterinary Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-8d456d29ce3c458db3fed717bdee8e7b2025-08-20T02:47:13ZengMDPI AGVeterinary Sciences2306-73812025-06-0112761510.3390/vetsci12070615Assessment of Pulmonary Vein Diameters in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with Myxomatous Mitral Valve DiseaseCarlotta Ferri0Juliette Besso1Hugues Gaillot2Yannick Ruel3Albert Agoulon4Christophe Bourguignon5Clémence Mey6Vassiliki Gouni7ADVETIA Veterinary Hospital, 9 Avenue Louis Breguet, 78140 Vélizy-Villacoublay, FranceVetradmobile, 97 Rue Monge, 75005 Paris, FranceADVETIA Veterinary Hospital, 9 Avenue Louis Breguet, 78140 Vélizy-Villacoublay, FranceADVETIA Veterinary Hospital, 9 Avenue Louis Breguet, 78140 Vélizy-Villacoublay, FranceOniris, INRAE, BIOEPAR, 101 Route de Gachet, 44300 Nantes, FranceADVETIA Veterinary Hospital, 9 Avenue Louis Breguet, 78140 Vélizy-Villacoublay, FranceADVETIA Veterinary Hospital, 9 Avenue Louis Breguet, 78140 Vélizy-Villacoublay, FranceADVETIA Veterinary Hospital, 9 Avenue Louis Breguet, 78140 Vélizy-Villacoublay, FranceThe present study aimed to compare pulmonary vein (PV) diameters between Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCSs) with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) and healthy CKCSs, assess correlations between PV diameters and echocardiographic parameters, and identify the optimal PV diameter cut-off value that distinguishes stage C from stage B2. CKCSs were recruited both retrospectively and prospectively and classified according to the ACVIM guidelines (stages A, B1, B2, and C). From a left apical view, the diameters of three PVs (PV1, PV2, and PV3) were measured with high reproducibility. In healthy dogs, the PV2 diameter showed no correlation with body weight. The PV2 diameter was significantly higher in stage B2 compared to B1 and in stage C compared to B2, while no difference was found between stages A and B1. The median (IQR) PV2 diameters were 4.9 mm (3.9–5.2) in stage A, 5.1 mm (4.0–6.0) in stage B1, 9.3 mm (7.3–11.1) in stage B2, and 13.7 mm (9.9–15.1) in stage C. Positive correlations were observed between the PV2 diameter and the left ventricular internal diameter normalized for body weight, the left atrium-to-aorta ratio, mitral E wave peak velocity, tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient, and regurgitant fraction. A PV2 diameter cut-off value of 12.8 mm discriminated stage C from stage B2 with 57% sensitivity and 93% specificity. The PV2 diameter is a reproducible echocardiographic measure that increases with MMVD severity and could assist in the early detection of congestive heart failure. However, the modest sensitivity observed reflects the overlap of PV2 measurements between stages B2 and C. Therefore, PV2 should be interpreted with caution and considered a supportive, rather than exclusive, tool in disease staging and therapeutic decision-making.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/12/7/615caninemyxomatous mitral valve diseasepulmonary veinCavalier King Charles Spanielscongestive heart failure |
| spellingShingle | Carlotta Ferri Juliette Besso Hugues Gaillot Yannick Ruel Albert Agoulon Christophe Bourguignon Clémence Mey Vassiliki Gouni Assessment of Pulmonary Vein Diameters in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease Veterinary Sciences canine myxomatous mitral valve disease pulmonary vein Cavalier King Charles Spaniels congestive heart failure |
| title | Assessment of Pulmonary Vein Diameters in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease |
| title_full | Assessment of Pulmonary Vein Diameters in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease |
| title_fullStr | Assessment of Pulmonary Vein Diameters in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessment of Pulmonary Vein Diameters in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease |
| title_short | Assessment of Pulmonary Vein Diameters in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease |
| title_sort | assessment of pulmonary vein diameters in cavalier king charles spaniels with myxomatous mitral valve disease |
| topic | canine myxomatous mitral valve disease pulmonary vein Cavalier King Charles Spaniels congestive heart failure |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/12/7/615 |
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