The Role of Alarmins in the Pathogenesis of Asthma

Asthma is defined as a chronic respiratory disease, the processes of which are mainly related to the hyperreactivity of the immune system. Airway hyperresponsiveness and remodeling are other hallmarks of asthma that are strongly involved in the progression of the disease. Moreover, asthma is associa...

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Main Authors: Paulina Plewa, Julia Pokwicka, Estera Bakinowska, Kajetan Kiełbowski, Andrzej Pawlik
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Biomolecules
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/15/7/996
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author Paulina Plewa
Julia Pokwicka
Estera Bakinowska
Kajetan Kiełbowski
Andrzej Pawlik
author_facet Paulina Plewa
Julia Pokwicka
Estera Bakinowska
Kajetan Kiełbowski
Andrzej Pawlik
author_sort Paulina Plewa
collection DOAJ
description Asthma is defined as a chronic respiratory disease, the processes of which are mainly related to the hyperreactivity of the immune system. Airway hyperresponsiveness and remodeling are other hallmarks of asthma that are strongly involved in the progression of the disease. Moreover, asthma is associated with the occurrence of atopic dermatitis, chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and a high profile of T2-type cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13. The hyperresponsiveness of the immune system is a consequence of aberrant levels of alarmins, endogenous molecules that induce pro-inflammatory responses. They are released as a result of a defect or cell death, leading to the initiation of an inflammatory reaction. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), S100 proteins, interleukin-33 (IL-33), thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and IL-25 bind to various receptors, influencing the behavior of immune cells, resulting in stimulated migration and activation of these cells. In this review, we will discuss the potential role of alarmins in the pathogenesis of asthma.
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series Biomolecules
spelling doaj-art-8c58d9d1cf794bc5915f66edc7e3eebd2025-08-20T03:58:27ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2025-07-0115799610.3390/biom15070996The Role of Alarmins in the Pathogenesis of AsthmaPaulina Plewa0Julia Pokwicka1Estera Bakinowska2Kajetan Kiełbowski3Andrzej Pawlik4Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, PolandDepartment of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, PolandDepartment of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, PolandDepartment of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, PolandDepartment of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, PolandAsthma is defined as a chronic respiratory disease, the processes of which are mainly related to the hyperreactivity of the immune system. Airway hyperresponsiveness and remodeling are other hallmarks of asthma that are strongly involved in the progression of the disease. Moreover, asthma is associated with the occurrence of atopic dermatitis, chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and a high profile of T2-type cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13. The hyperresponsiveness of the immune system is a consequence of aberrant levels of alarmins, endogenous molecules that induce pro-inflammatory responses. They are released as a result of a defect or cell death, leading to the initiation of an inflammatory reaction. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), S100 proteins, interleukin-33 (IL-33), thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and IL-25 bind to various receptors, influencing the behavior of immune cells, resulting in stimulated migration and activation of these cells. In this review, we will discuss the potential role of alarmins in the pathogenesis of asthma.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/15/7/996asthmaalarminsHMGB1S100 proteinsinterleukin-33
spellingShingle Paulina Plewa
Julia Pokwicka
Estera Bakinowska
Kajetan Kiełbowski
Andrzej Pawlik
The Role of Alarmins in the Pathogenesis of Asthma
Biomolecules
asthma
alarmins
HMGB1
S100 proteins
interleukin-33
title The Role of Alarmins in the Pathogenesis of Asthma
title_full The Role of Alarmins in the Pathogenesis of Asthma
title_fullStr The Role of Alarmins in the Pathogenesis of Asthma
title_full_unstemmed The Role of Alarmins in the Pathogenesis of Asthma
title_short The Role of Alarmins in the Pathogenesis of Asthma
title_sort role of alarmins in the pathogenesis of asthma
topic asthma
alarmins
HMGB1
S100 proteins
interleukin-33
url https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/15/7/996
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