Mendelian randomization unveils genetic causal relationships between viral infections and systemic sclerosis

Abstract This study uses Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate the potential causal relationships between viral infections, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), SARS-CoV-2, cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), her...

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Main Authors: Ting Cheng, He-Yi Zhang, Tian-Run Wang, Ruo-Lan Li, Zhi-Nan Jing, Yue-Hong Huo, Sheng-Xiao Zhang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-07-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-08361-z
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author Ting Cheng
He-Yi Zhang
Tian-Run Wang
Ruo-Lan Li
Zhi-Nan Jing
Yue-Hong Huo
Sheng-Xiao Zhang
author_facet Ting Cheng
He-Yi Zhang
Tian-Run Wang
Ruo-Lan Li
Zhi-Nan Jing
Yue-Hong Huo
Sheng-Xiao Zhang
author_sort Ting Cheng
collection DOAJ
description Abstract This study uses Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate the potential causal relationships between viral infections, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), SARS-CoV-2, cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), influenza A virus, and hepatitis B virus, and the risk of systemic sclerosis (SSc). Summary-level data on viral exposures and SSc outcomes were obtained from public genome-wide association studies (GWAS) databases. Causality was assessed using the inverse-variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, and weighted median methods. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to enhance the reliability and robustness of our findings. Genetically predicted anti-EBV viral capsid antigen IgG levels (OR = 3.400, 95% CI = 1.093–10.571, p = 0.035) were causally associated with an elevated risk of SSc, while HIV (OR = 0.787, 95% CI = 0.629–0.985, p = 0.037) and SARS-CoV-2 (OR = 0.335, 95% CI = 0.116–0.964, p = 0.043) correlated with a reduced risk of SSc. Sensitivity analysis validated the robustness of these associations (p > 0.05). Further elucidation of the underlying mechanisms by which EBV increases the risk of SSc could potentially identify interventions for promoting SSc prevention.
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spelling doaj-art-8c52dae92e3f4aa18dde5869be09b6272025-08-20T03:38:15ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-07-0115111110.1038/s41598-025-08361-zMendelian randomization unveils genetic causal relationships between viral infections and systemic sclerosisTing Cheng0He-Yi Zhang1Tian-Run Wang2Ruo-Lan Li3Zhi-Nan Jing4Yue-Hong Huo5Sheng-Xiao Zhang6Department of Rheumatology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityShanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Rheumatism Immune MicroecologyShanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Rheumatism Immune MicroecologyShanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Rheumatism Immune MicroecologyShanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Rheumatism Immune MicroecologyShanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Rheumatism Immune MicroecologyDepartment of Rheumatology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityAbstract This study uses Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate the potential causal relationships between viral infections, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), SARS-CoV-2, cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), influenza A virus, and hepatitis B virus, and the risk of systemic sclerosis (SSc). Summary-level data on viral exposures and SSc outcomes were obtained from public genome-wide association studies (GWAS) databases. Causality was assessed using the inverse-variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, and weighted median methods. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to enhance the reliability and robustness of our findings. Genetically predicted anti-EBV viral capsid antigen IgG levels (OR = 3.400, 95% CI = 1.093–10.571, p = 0.035) were causally associated with an elevated risk of SSc, while HIV (OR = 0.787, 95% CI = 0.629–0.985, p = 0.037) and SARS-CoV-2 (OR = 0.335, 95% CI = 0.116–0.964, p = 0.043) correlated with a reduced risk of SSc. Sensitivity analysis validated the robustness of these associations (p > 0.05). Further elucidation of the underlying mechanisms by which EBV increases the risk of SSc could potentially identify interventions for promoting SSc prevention.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-08361-zVirus infectionSystemic sclerosisMendelian randomizationCausal relationshipGenome-wide association study
spellingShingle Ting Cheng
He-Yi Zhang
Tian-Run Wang
Ruo-Lan Li
Zhi-Nan Jing
Yue-Hong Huo
Sheng-Xiao Zhang
Mendelian randomization unveils genetic causal relationships between viral infections and systemic sclerosis
Scientific Reports
Virus infection
Systemic sclerosis
Mendelian randomization
Causal relationship
Genome-wide association study
title Mendelian randomization unveils genetic causal relationships between viral infections and systemic sclerosis
title_full Mendelian randomization unveils genetic causal relationships between viral infections and systemic sclerosis
title_fullStr Mendelian randomization unveils genetic causal relationships between viral infections and systemic sclerosis
title_full_unstemmed Mendelian randomization unveils genetic causal relationships between viral infections and systemic sclerosis
title_short Mendelian randomization unveils genetic causal relationships between viral infections and systemic sclerosis
title_sort mendelian randomization unveils genetic causal relationships between viral infections and systemic sclerosis
topic Virus infection
Systemic sclerosis
Mendelian randomization
Causal relationship
Genome-wide association study
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-08361-z
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