Efficacy of Commercial Disinfectants Against Black Root Rot (<i>Berkeleyomyces rouxiae</i>) and Verticillium Wilt (<i>Verticillium dahliae</i>) Pathogens of Cotton
Black root rot (BRR) and Verticillium wilt of cotton are caused by soilborne <i>Berkeleyomyces rouxiae</i> and <i>Verticillium dahliae</i>, respectively, and can individually cause yield loss of a 10–50% in New South Wales (NSW). Both diseases were first detected in a norther...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-10-01
|
| Series: | Agronomy |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/11/2502 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850149633532100608 |
|---|---|
| author | Chi P. T. Nguyen Brenda Vo Duy P. Le |
| author_facet | Chi P. T. Nguyen Brenda Vo Duy P. Le |
| author_sort | Chi P. T. Nguyen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Black root rot (BRR) and Verticillium wilt of cotton are caused by soilborne <i>Berkeleyomyces rouxiae</i> and <i>Verticillium dahliae</i>, respectively, and can individually cause yield loss of a 10–50% in New South Wales (NSW). Both diseases were first detected in a northern valley of NSW but are now present across the state. ‘Come Clean Go Clean’ is a widely practiced biosecurity measure used to minimize the risk of further introducing the pathogens from one field to another by restricting the movement of soil-contaminated farm equipment and machinery. We rely on cleaning agents to effectively wash down and decontaminate the equipment and machinery. In this study, we examined 12 locally available, commercial disinfectants for their efficacy against <i>B. rouxiae</i> and <i>V. dahliae</i> reproductive structures with and without soil contamination of 10% (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>). We found a significant interaction between pathogens, disinfectants, and soil amendment (<i>p</i> < 0.01). The germination of <i>B. rouxiae</i> chlamydospores and endoconidia in both the presence and absence of soil contamination was completely suppressed even after a short 10 sec exposure to 70% ethanol and 25% bleach. Both 70% ethanol and bleach were highly lethal at 10 sec exposures in similar assays against <i>V. dahliae</i> microsclerotia and conidia. Some other commercial products were able to reduce the germination rate significantly but did not completely kill microsclerotia and conidia even after 30 min of exposure. The lethal effect against <i>B. rouxiae</i> and <i>V. dahliae</i> warrants further exploration of both 70% ethanol and bleach to improve their field applications. Additionally, the efficacy of most tested commercial disinfectants was time-dependent; however, this is not recommended on the labels for their effectiveness. This study provides an additional integrated disease management option aiming to limit the spread of the pathogens. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8be684f42b464ca58d6c29cc85a8f5e8 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj-art-8be684f42b464ca58d6c29cc85a8f5e82025-08-20T02:26:51ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952024-10-011411250210.3390/agronomy14112502Efficacy of Commercial Disinfectants Against Black Root Rot (<i>Berkeleyomyces rouxiae</i>) and Verticillium Wilt (<i>Verticillium dahliae</i>) Pathogens of CottonChi P. T. Nguyen0Brenda Vo1Duy P. Le2New South Wales Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Narrabri, NSW 2390, AustraliaSchool of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2350, AustraliaNew South Wales Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Narrabri, NSW 2390, AustraliaBlack root rot (BRR) and Verticillium wilt of cotton are caused by soilborne <i>Berkeleyomyces rouxiae</i> and <i>Verticillium dahliae</i>, respectively, and can individually cause yield loss of a 10–50% in New South Wales (NSW). Both diseases were first detected in a northern valley of NSW but are now present across the state. ‘Come Clean Go Clean’ is a widely practiced biosecurity measure used to minimize the risk of further introducing the pathogens from one field to another by restricting the movement of soil-contaminated farm equipment and machinery. We rely on cleaning agents to effectively wash down and decontaminate the equipment and machinery. In this study, we examined 12 locally available, commercial disinfectants for their efficacy against <i>B. rouxiae</i> and <i>V. dahliae</i> reproductive structures with and without soil contamination of 10% (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>). We found a significant interaction between pathogens, disinfectants, and soil amendment (<i>p</i> < 0.01). The germination of <i>B. rouxiae</i> chlamydospores and endoconidia in both the presence and absence of soil contamination was completely suppressed even after a short 10 sec exposure to 70% ethanol and 25% bleach. Both 70% ethanol and bleach were highly lethal at 10 sec exposures in similar assays against <i>V. dahliae</i> microsclerotia and conidia. Some other commercial products were able to reduce the germination rate significantly but did not completely kill microsclerotia and conidia even after 30 min of exposure. The lethal effect against <i>B. rouxiae</i> and <i>V. dahliae</i> warrants further exploration of both 70% ethanol and bleach to improve their field applications. Additionally, the efficacy of most tested commercial disinfectants was time-dependent; however, this is not recommended on the labels for their effectiveness. This study provides an additional integrated disease management option aiming to limit the spread of the pathogens.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/11/2502<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i><i>Thielaviopsis basicola</i>propagulescleaning agentsantifungal activitiesgrowth inhibition |
| spellingShingle | Chi P. T. Nguyen Brenda Vo Duy P. Le Efficacy of Commercial Disinfectants Against Black Root Rot (<i>Berkeleyomyces rouxiae</i>) and Verticillium Wilt (<i>Verticillium dahliae</i>) Pathogens of Cotton Agronomy <i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> <i>Thielaviopsis basicola</i> propagules cleaning agents antifungal activities growth inhibition |
| title | Efficacy of Commercial Disinfectants Against Black Root Rot (<i>Berkeleyomyces rouxiae</i>) and Verticillium Wilt (<i>Verticillium dahliae</i>) Pathogens of Cotton |
| title_full | Efficacy of Commercial Disinfectants Against Black Root Rot (<i>Berkeleyomyces rouxiae</i>) and Verticillium Wilt (<i>Verticillium dahliae</i>) Pathogens of Cotton |
| title_fullStr | Efficacy of Commercial Disinfectants Against Black Root Rot (<i>Berkeleyomyces rouxiae</i>) and Verticillium Wilt (<i>Verticillium dahliae</i>) Pathogens of Cotton |
| title_full_unstemmed | Efficacy of Commercial Disinfectants Against Black Root Rot (<i>Berkeleyomyces rouxiae</i>) and Verticillium Wilt (<i>Verticillium dahliae</i>) Pathogens of Cotton |
| title_short | Efficacy of Commercial Disinfectants Against Black Root Rot (<i>Berkeleyomyces rouxiae</i>) and Verticillium Wilt (<i>Verticillium dahliae</i>) Pathogens of Cotton |
| title_sort | efficacy of commercial disinfectants against black root rot i berkeleyomyces rouxiae i and verticillium wilt i verticillium dahliae i pathogens of cotton |
| topic | <i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> <i>Thielaviopsis basicola</i> propagules cleaning agents antifungal activities growth inhibition |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/11/2502 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT chiptnguyen efficacyofcommercialdisinfectantsagainstblackrootrotiberkeleyomycesrouxiaeiandverticilliumwiltiverticilliumdahliaeipathogensofcotton AT brendavo efficacyofcommercialdisinfectantsagainstblackrootrotiberkeleyomycesrouxiaeiandverticilliumwiltiverticilliumdahliaeipathogensofcotton AT duyple efficacyofcommercialdisinfectantsagainstblackrootrotiberkeleyomycesrouxiaeiandverticilliumwiltiverticilliumdahliaeipathogensofcotton |