Encapsulation Techniques to Enhance Astaxanthin Utilization as Functional Feed Ingredient
Herein, the effectiveness of astaxanthin (AX) as functional feed ingredient was assessed by enhancing its stability and bioavailability using encapsulation methods. Spray-drying and liposome entrapment were applied to a natural AX source from shrimp by-products, along with two commercially synthetic...
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MDPI AG
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Marine Drugs |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/23/4/143 |
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| author | Matteo Vitale Joaquin Gomez-Estaca Janete Chung Seong-Chea Chua Daniela Maria Pampanin |
| author_facet | Matteo Vitale Joaquin Gomez-Estaca Janete Chung Seong-Chea Chua Daniela Maria Pampanin |
| author_sort | Matteo Vitale |
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| description | Herein, the effectiveness of astaxanthin (AX) as functional feed ingredient was assessed by enhancing its stability and bioavailability using encapsulation methods. Spray-drying and liposome entrapment were applied to a natural AX source from shrimp by-products, along with two commercially synthetic alternatives. Encapsulated AX formulations were evaluated for their physico-chemical properties, thermal stability, and <i>in vitro</i> performance using RTL-W1, a rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) liver-derived cell line. Both techniques achieved high encapsulation efficiency (73–89%) and provided remarkable protection to AX during thermal treatments, maintaining its stability at 80 °C for up to 2 h and at 100 °C for 30 min. Nevertheless, neither encapsulation methods significantly mitigated water absorption over time. Additionally, morphological characterization revealed spray-dried microcapsules with typical round, partially collapsed particles with a broad size distribution, while liposomes further stabilized into dry powders by spray-drying showed structural rearrangements and an increase in size upon rehydration, although maintaining a uniform and stable distribution. <i>In vitro</i> testing revealed enhanced RTL-W1 cell viability and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production when encapsulation was employed. Overall, these findings demonstrate the potential of the selected encapsulation techniques to optimize the stability, bioavailability, and functionality of AX, providing valuable insights to improve its utilization as a functional ingredient in fish feed formulations. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8ba9986fc2c1491581d993de3bfbc6cc |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1660-3397 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Marine Drugs |
| spelling | doaj-art-8ba9986fc2c1491581d993de3bfbc6cc2025-08-20T02:28:37ZengMDPI AGMarine Drugs1660-33972025-03-0123414310.3390/md23040143Encapsulation Techniques to Enhance Astaxanthin Utilization as Functional Feed IngredientMatteo Vitale0Joaquin Gomez-Estaca1Janete Chung2Seong-Chea Chua3Daniela Maria Pampanin4Department of Chemistry, Bioscience, and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4021 Stavanger, NorwayInstituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Alimentos y Nutricion (ICTAN-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, SpainSkretting Aquaculture Innovation, 4016 Stavanger, NorwaySkretting Aquaculture Innovation, 4016 Stavanger, NorwayDepartment of Chemistry, Bioscience, and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4021 Stavanger, NorwayHerein, the effectiveness of astaxanthin (AX) as functional feed ingredient was assessed by enhancing its stability and bioavailability using encapsulation methods. Spray-drying and liposome entrapment were applied to a natural AX source from shrimp by-products, along with two commercially synthetic alternatives. Encapsulated AX formulations were evaluated for their physico-chemical properties, thermal stability, and <i>in vitro</i> performance using RTL-W1, a rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) liver-derived cell line. Both techniques achieved high encapsulation efficiency (73–89%) and provided remarkable protection to AX during thermal treatments, maintaining its stability at 80 °C for up to 2 h and at 100 °C for 30 min. Nevertheless, neither encapsulation methods significantly mitigated water absorption over time. Additionally, morphological characterization revealed spray-dried microcapsules with typical round, partially collapsed particles with a broad size distribution, while liposomes further stabilized into dry powders by spray-drying showed structural rearrangements and an increase in size upon rehydration, although maintaining a uniform and stable distribution. <i>In vitro</i> testing revealed enhanced RTL-W1 cell viability and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production when encapsulation was employed. Overall, these findings demonstrate the potential of the selected encapsulation techniques to optimize the stability, bioavailability, and functionality of AX, providing valuable insights to improve its utilization as a functional ingredient in fish feed formulations.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/23/4/143astaxanthinaquacultureencapsulation<i>in vitro</i> testingfish cell lines |
| spellingShingle | Matteo Vitale Joaquin Gomez-Estaca Janete Chung Seong-Chea Chua Daniela Maria Pampanin Encapsulation Techniques to Enhance Astaxanthin Utilization as Functional Feed Ingredient Marine Drugs astaxanthin aquaculture encapsulation <i>in vitro</i> testing fish cell lines |
| title | Encapsulation Techniques to Enhance Astaxanthin Utilization as Functional Feed Ingredient |
| title_full | Encapsulation Techniques to Enhance Astaxanthin Utilization as Functional Feed Ingredient |
| title_fullStr | Encapsulation Techniques to Enhance Astaxanthin Utilization as Functional Feed Ingredient |
| title_full_unstemmed | Encapsulation Techniques to Enhance Astaxanthin Utilization as Functional Feed Ingredient |
| title_short | Encapsulation Techniques to Enhance Astaxanthin Utilization as Functional Feed Ingredient |
| title_sort | encapsulation techniques to enhance astaxanthin utilization as functional feed ingredient |
| topic | astaxanthin aquaculture encapsulation <i>in vitro</i> testing fish cell lines |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/23/4/143 |
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