EEG-fMRI neurofeedback versus motor imagery after stroke, a randomized controlled trial

Abstract Neurofeedback (NF), an advanced technique enabling self-regulation of brain activity, was used to enhance upper limb motor recovery in chronic stroke survivors. A comparison was conducted between the efficacy of NF versus motor imagery (MI) training without feedback. We hypothesized that em...

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Main Authors: Simon Butet, Mathis Fleury, Quentin Duché, Elise Bannier, Giulia Lioi, Lou Scotto di Covella, Emilie Lévêque-Le Bars, Anatole Lécuyer, Pierre Maurel, Isabelle Bonan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-03-01
Series:Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-025-01598-9
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author Simon Butet
Mathis Fleury
Quentin Duché
Elise Bannier
Giulia Lioi
Lou Scotto di Covella
Emilie Lévêque-Le Bars
Anatole Lécuyer
Pierre Maurel
Isabelle Bonan
author_facet Simon Butet
Mathis Fleury
Quentin Duché
Elise Bannier
Giulia Lioi
Lou Scotto di Covella
Emilie Lévêque-Le Bars
Anatole Lécuyer
Pierre Maurel
Isabelle Bonan
author_sort Simon Butet
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Neurofeedback (NF), an advanced technique enabling self-regulation of brain activity, was used to enhance upper limb motor recovery in chronic stroke survivors. A comparison was conducted between the efficacy of NF versus motor imagery (MI) training without feedback. We hypothesized that employing a bimodal EEG-fMRI based NF training approach would ensure precise targeting, and incorporating progressive multi-target feedback would provide a more effective mean to enhance plasticity. Thirty stroke survivors, exhibiting partial upper-limb motor impairment with a Fugl-Meyer Assessment Upper Extremity score (FMA-UE) > 21 and partially functional corticospinal tract (CST) were randomly allocated to the NF and MI groups. The NF group (n = 15) underwent a bimodal EEG-fMRI NF training focused on regulating activity in ipsilesional motor areas (M1 and SMA), while the MI group (n = 15) engaged in MI training. Demographic and stroke clinical data were collected. The primary outcome measure was the post-intervention FMA-UE score. Change in bold activations in target regions, EEG and fMRI laterality index (LI) and fractional anisotropy (FA) asymmetry of the CST were assessed after the intervention in both groups (respectively ΔEEG LI, ΔMRI LI and ΔFA asymmetry) and correlated with FMA-UE improvement (ΔFMA). Participants from both groups completed the 5-week training, with the NF group successfully modulating their brain activity in target regions. FMA-UE improvement post-intervention tended to be higher in the NF group than in the MI group (p = 0.048), and FMA-UE increased significantly only in the NF group (p = 0.003 vs p = 0.633 for MI). This improvement persisted at one-month in the NF group (p = 0.029). Eight out 15 patients in the NF group positively responded (i.e., improved by at least for 4 points in FMA-UE) compared to 3 out 15 in the MI group. No significant between-group differences were found in the evolution of ipsilesional M1 (t = 1.43, p = 0.16) and SMA (t = 0.85, p = 0.40) activation maps. The NF group exhibited a more pronounced lateralisation in unimodal EEG LI (t = − 3.56, p = 0.0004) compared to the MI group, but no significant difference was observed for MRI LI. A non-significant difference in ΔFA asymmetry of the CST between the two groups was found (t = 25; p = 0,055). A non-significant correlation between unimodal ΔEEG LI and ΔFMA (r = 0.5; p = 0.058) was observed for the NF group. Chronic stroke survivors can effectively engage themselves in a NF task and can benefit from a bimodal EEG-fMRI NF training. This demonstrates potential for NF in enhancing upper-limb motor recovery more efficiently than MI training.
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spelling doaj-art-8ba1b634832d4a658afa4759d36d2da42025-08-20T02:49:31ZengBMCJournal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation1743-00032025-03-0122111710.1186/s12984-025-01598-9EEG-fMRI neurofeedback versus motor imagery after stroke, a randomized controlled trialSimon Butet0Mathis Fleury1Quentin Duché2Elise Bannier3Giulia Lioi4Lou Scotto di Covella5Emilie Lévêque-Le Bars6Anatole Lécuyer7Pierre Maurel8Isabelle Bonan9Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, CHU Rennes, Hôpital PontchaillouUniv Rennes, INRIA, CNRS, INSERM, IRISA, EMPENN ERL U1228Univ Rennes, INRIA, CNRS, INSERM, IRISA, EMPENN ERL U1228Univ Rennes, INRIA, CNRS, INSERM, IRISA, EMPENN ERL U1228BRAIn Team, Lab-STICC, IMT Atlantique, UMR CNRS 6285Univ Rennes, INRIA, CNRS, INSERM, IRISA, EMPENN ERL U1228Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, CHU Rennes, Hôpital PontchaillouINRIA, Univ Rennes, CNRS, IRISAUniv Rennes, INRIA, CNRS, INSERM, IRISA, EMPENN ERL U1228Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, CHU Rennes, Hôpital PontchaillouAbstract Neurofeedback (NF), an advanced technique enabling self-regulation of brain activity, was used to enhance upper limb motor recovery in chronic stroke survivors. A comparison was conducted between the efficacy of NF versus motor imagery (MI) training without feedback. We hypothesized that employing a bimodal EEG-fMRI based NF training approach would ensure precise targeting, and incorporating progressive multi-target feedback would provide a more effective mean to enhance plasticity. Thirty stroke survivors, exhibiting partial upper-limb motor impairment with a Fugl-Meyer Assessment Upper Extremity score (FMA-UE) > 21 and partially functional corticospinal tract (CST) were randomly allocated to the NF and MI groups. The NF group (n = 15) underwent a bimodal EEG-fMRI NF training focused on regulating activity in ipsilesional motor areas (M1 and SMA), while the MI group (n = 15) engaged in MI training. Demographic and stroke clinical data were collected. The primary outcome measure was the post-intervention FMA-UE score. Change in bold activations in target regions, EEG and fMRI laterality index (LI) and fractional anisotropy (FA) asymmetry of the CST were assessed after the intervention in both groups (respectively ΔEEG LI, ΔMRI LI and ΔFA asymmetry) and correlated with FMA-UE improvement (ΔFMA). Participants from both groups completed the 5-week training, with the NF group successfully modulating their brain activity in target regions. FMA-UE improvement post-intervention tended to be higher in the NF group than in the MI group (p = 0.048), and FMA-UE increased significantly only in the NF group (p = 0.003 vs p = 0.633 for MI). This improvement persisted at one-month in the NF group (p = 0.029). Eight out 15 patients in the NF group positively responded (i.e., improved by at least for 4 points in FMA-UE) compared to 3 out 15 in the MI group. No significant between-group differences were found in the evolution of ipsilesional M1 (t = 1.43, p = 0.16) and SMA (t = 0.85, p = 0.40) activation maps. The NF group exhibited a more pronounced lateralisation in unimodal EEG LI (t = − 3.56, p = 0.0004) compared to the MI group, but no significant difference was observed for MRI LI. A non-significant difference in ΔFA asymmetry of the CST between the two groups was found (t = 25; p = 0,055). A non-significant correlation between unimodal ΔEEG LI and ΔFMA (r = 0.5; p = 0.058) was observed for the NF group. Chronic stroke survivors can effectively engage themselves in a NF task and can benefit from a bimodal EEG-fMRI NF training. This demonstrates potential for NF in enhancing upper-limb motor recovery more efficiently than MI training.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-025-01598-9StrokeReal-time fMRIBimodal neurofeedbackMotor cortexCSTUpper-limb
spellingShingle Simon Butet
Mathis Fleury
Quentin Duché
Elise Bannier
Giulia Lioi
Lou Scotto di Covella
Emilie Lévêque-Le Bars
Anatole Lécuyer
Pierre Maurel
Isabelle Bonan
EEG-fMRI neurofeedback versus motor imagery after stroke, a randomized controlled trial
Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation
Stroke
Real-time fMRI
Bimodal neurofeedback
Motor cortex
CST
Upper-limb
title EEG-fMRI neurofeedback versus motor imagery after stroke, a randomized controlled trial
title_full EEG-fMRI neurofeedback versus motor imagery after stroke, a randomized controlled trial
title_fullStr EEG-fMRI neurofeedback versus motor imagery after stroke, a randomized controlled trial
title_full_unstemmed EEG-fMRI neurofeedback versus motor imagery after stroke, a randomized controlled trial
title_short EEG-fMRI neurofeedback versus motor imagery after stroke, a randomized controlled trial
title_sort eeg fmri neurofeedback versus motor imagery after stroke a randomized controlled trial
topic Stroke
Real-time fMRI
Bimodal neurofeedback
Motor cortex
CST
Upper-limb
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-025-01598-9
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