Global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to secondhand smoke: a comprehensive analysis from the GBD 2021 study
IntroductionSecondhand smoke (SHS) exposure represents an underappreciated global health risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with complex epidemiological implications.MethodsLeveraging the comprehensive Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 dataset, we systematically evaluated the worldwide burd...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-04-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Endocrinology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2025.1506749/full |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850141232322314240 |
|---|---|
| author | Dongke Guo Yanna Yu Zhongxin Zhu |
| author_facet | Dongke Guo Yanna Yu Zhongxin Zhu |
| author_sort | Dongke Guo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | IntroductionSecondhand smoke (SHS) exposure represents an underappreciated global health risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with complex epidemiological implications.MethodsLeveraging the comprehensive Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 dataset, we systematically evaluated the worldwide burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus attributable to secondhand smoke (T2DM-SHS) across 204 countries. The analysis encompassed both death and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) across various genders, age groups, and 204 nations over the period from 1990 to 2021. We examined trends and socioeconomic impacts by analyzing age-standardized DALYs rates and estimated annual percentage changes, stratified by socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles.ResultsThe following changes occurred between 1990 and 2021: while age-standardized mortality rates decreased by 8.903% (95% UI: -16.824% to -1.399%), DALYs increased by 17.049% (95% UI: 9.065% to 25.557%). Age-stratified analysis revealed peak death in the 70–74 years group, with females experiencing highest DALYs in the 75–79 years group and males in the 90–94 years group. An inverted U-shaped relationship between SDI and disease burden emerged, with peak rates at moderate SDI levels.DiscussionDespite lowest burdens in high-income countries, disease dynamics were most complex in middle-range SDI countries, indicating that economic development does not linearly correlate with health outcomes. This comprehensive analysis unveils the multifaceted global landscape of T2DM-SHS, exposing critical disparities across gender, age, and socioeconomic contexts. The findings urgently call for targeted, context-specific public health interventions, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, to mitigate the escalating T2DM-SHS burden. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8b8fca53113143d79ac8c44e202f95e4 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1664-2392 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Endocrinology |
| spelling | doaj-art-8b8fca53113143d79ac8c44e202f95e42025-08-20T02:29:30ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Endocrinology1664-23922025-04-011610.3389/fendo.2025.15067491506749Global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to secondhand smoke: a comprehensive analysis from the GBD 2021 studyDongke Guo0Yanna Yu1Zhongxin Zhu2Department of Science and Education, The First People’s Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Public Health, The First People’s Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Clinical Research, The First People’s Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, ChinaIntroductionSecondhand smoke (SHS) exposure represents an underappreciated global health risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with complex epidemiological implications.MethodsLeveraging the comprehensive Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 dataset, we systematically evaluated the worldwide burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus attributable to secondhand smoke (T2DM-SHS) across 204 countries. The analysis encompassed both death and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) across various genders, age groups, and 204 nations over the period from 1990 to 2021. We examined trends and socioeconomic impacts by analyzing age-standardized DALYs rates and estimated annual percentage changes, stratified by socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles.ResultsThe following changes occurred between 1990 and 2021: while age-standardized mortality rates decreased by 8.903% (95% UI: -16.824% to -1.399%), DALYs increased by 17.049% (95% UI: 9.065% to 25.557%). Age-stratified analysis revealed peak death in the 70–74 years group, with females experiencing highest DALYs in the 75–79 years group and males in the 90–94 years group. An inverted U-shaped relationship between SDI and disease burden emerged, with peak rates at moderate SDI levels.DiscussionDespite lowest burdens in high-income countries, disease dynamics were most complex in middle-range SDI countries, indicating that economic development does not linearly correlate with health outcomes. This comprehensive analysis unveils the multifaceted global landscape of T2DM-SHS, exposing critical disparities across gender, age, and socioeconomic contexts. The findings urgently call for targeted, context-specific public health interventions, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, to mitigate the escalating T2DM-SHS burden.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2025.1506749/fullglobal burden of diseasesecondhand smoketype 2 diabetes mellitussocio-demographic indexdisability-adjusted life yearsestimated annual percentage changes |
| spellingShingle | Dongke Guo Yanna Yu Zhongxin Zhu Global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to secondhand smoke: a comprehensive analysis from the GBD 2021 study Frontiers in Endocrinology global burden of disease secondhand smoke type 2 diabetes mellitus socio-demographic index disability-adjusted life years estimated annual percentage changes |
| title | Global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to secondhand smoke: a comprehensive analysis from the GBD 2021 study |
| title_full | Global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to secondhand smoke: a comprehensive analysis from the GBD 2021 study |
| title_fullStr | Global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to secondhand smoke: a comprehensive analysis from the GBD 2021 study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to secondhand smoke: a comprehensive analysis from the GBD 2021 study |
| title_short | Global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to secondhand smoke: a comprehensive analysis from the GBD 2021 study |
| title_sort | global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to secondhand smoke a comprehensive analysis from the gbd 2021 study |
| topic | global burden of disease secondhand smoke type 2 diabetes mellitus socio-demographic index disability-adjusted life years estimated annual percentage changes |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2025.1506749/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dongkeguo globalburdenoftype2diabetesattributabletosecondhandsmokeacomprehensiveanalysisfromthegbd2021study AT yannayu globalburdenoftype2diabetesattributabletosecondhandsmokeacomprehensiveanalysisfromthegbd2021study AT zhongxinzhu globalburdenoftype2diabetesattributabletosecondhandsmokeacomprehensiveanalysisfromthegbd2021study |