The role of carbon catalyst coatings in the electrochemical water splitting reaction

Abstract Designing inexpensive, sustainable, and high-performance oxygen-evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts is one of the largest obstacles hindering the development of new electrolyzers. Carbon-coated metal/metal oxide (nano)particles have been used in such applications, but the role played...

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Main Authors: William J. V. Townsend, Diego López-Alcalá, Matthew A. Bird, Jack W. Jordan, Graham A. Rance, Johannes Biskupek, Ute Kaiser, José J. Baldoví, Darren A. Walsh, Lee R. Johnson, Andrei N. Khlobystov, Graham N. Newton
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-05-01
Series:Nature Communications
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59740-z
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author William J. V. Townsend
Diego López-Alcalá
Matthew A. Bird
Jack W. Jordan
Graham A. Rance
Johannes Biskupek
Ute Kaiser
José J. Baldoví
Darren A. Walsh
Lee R. Johnson
Andrei N. Khlobystov
Graham N. Newton
author_facet William J. V. Townsend
Diego López-Alcalá
Matthew A. Bird
Jack W. Jordan
Graham A. Rance
Johannes Biskupek
Ute Kaiser
José J. Baldoví
Darren A. Walsh
Lee R. Johnson
Andrei N. Khlobystov
Graham N. Newton
author_sort William J. V. Townsend
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Designing inexpensive, sustainable, and high-performance oxygen-evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts is one of the largest obstacles hindering the development of new electrolyzers. Carbon-coated metal/metal oxide (nano)particles have been used in such applications, but the role played by the carbon coatings is poorly understood. Here, we use a carbon-coated catalyst comprising metal-oxide nanoparticles encapsulated within single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), to study the effects of carbon coatings on catalytic performance. Electrolyte access to the encapsulated metal oxides is shut off by plugging the SWNT ends with size-matched fullerenes. Our results reveal that the catalytic activity of the composite rivals that of the metal oxide, despite the fact that the metal oxides cannot access the bulk electrolyte. Moreover, the rate-determining step (RDS) of the OER matches that measured at empty SWNTs, indicating that electrocatalysis occurs on the carbon surface. Synergism between the encapsulated metal oxide and carbon coating was explored using electrochemical Raman spectroscopy and computational analysis, revealing that charge transfer from the carbon host to the metal oxide is key to the high electrocatalytic activity of carbon in this system; decreasing electron density on the carbon surface facilitates binding of –OH, accelerating the rate of the OER on the carbon surface.
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spelling doaj-art-8b565e996c074a4fbf1fc008c96181ae2025-08-20T03:53:58ZengNature PortfolioNature Communications2041-17232025-05-0116111110.1038/s41467-025-59740-zThe role of carbon catalyst coatings in the electrochemical water splitting reactionWilliam J. V. Townsend0Diego López-Alcalá1Matthew A. Bird2Jack W. Jordan3Graham A. Rance4Johannes Biskupek5Ute Kaiser6José J. Baldoví7Darren A. Walsh8Lee R. Johnson9Andrei N. Khlobystov10Graham N. Newton11Nottingham Applied Materials and Interfaces (NAMI) Group, GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of NottinghamInstituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de ValenciaNottingham Applied Materials and Interfaces (NAMI) Group, GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of NottinghamNottingham Applied Materials and Interfaces (NAMI) Group, GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of NottinghamNanoscale and Microscale Research Centre, University of NottinghamElectron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Ulm UniversityElectron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Ulm UniversityInstituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de ValenciaNottingham Applied Materials and Interfaces (NAMI) Group, GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of NottinghamNottingham Applied Materials and Interfaces (NAMI) Group, GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of NottinghamSchool of Chemistry, University of NottinghamNottingham Applied Materials and Interfaces (NAMI) Group, GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of NottinghamAbstract Designing inexpensive, sustainable, and high-performance oxygen-evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts is one of the largest obstacles hindering the development of new electrolyzers. Carbon-coated metal/metal oxide (nano)particles have been used in such applications, but the role played by the carbon coatings is poorly understood. Here, we use a carbon-coated catalyst comprising metal-oxide nanoparticles encapsulated within single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), to study the effects of carbon coatings on catalytic performance. Electrolyte access to the encapsulated metal oxides is shut off by plugging the SWNT ends with size-matched fullerenes. Our results reveal that the catalytic activity of the composite rivals that of the metal oxide, despite the fact that the metal oxides cannot access the bulk electrolyte. Moreover, the rate-determining step (RDS) of the OER matches that measured at empty SWNTs, indicating that electrocatalysis occurs on the carbon surface. Synergism between the encapsulated metal oxide and carbon coating was explored using electrochemical Raman spectroscopy and computational analysis, revealing that charge transfer from the carbon host to the metal oxide is key to the high electrocatalytic activity of carbon in this system; decreasing electron density on the carbon surface facilitates binding of –OH, accelerating the rate of the OER on the carbon surface.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59740-z
spellingShingle William J. V. Townsend
Diego López-Alcalá
Matthew A. Bird
Jack W. Jordan
Graham A. Rance
Johannes Biskupek
Ute Kaiser
José J. Baldoví
Darren A. Walsh
Lee R. Johnson
Andrei N. Khlobystov
Graham N. Newton
The role of carbon catalyst coatings in the electrochemical water splitting reaction
Nature Communications
title The role of carbon catalyst coatings in the electrochemical water splitting reaction
title_full The role of carbon catalyst coatings in the electrochemical water splitting reaction
title_fullStr The role of carbon catalyst coatings in the electrochemical water splitting reaction
title_full_unstemmed The role of carbon catalyst coatings in the electrochemical water splitting reaction
title_short The role of carbon catalyst coatings in the electrochemical water splitting reaction
title_sort role of carbon catalyst coatings in the electrochemical water splitting reaction
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59740-z
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