Form Factor and Chemistry Agnostic Battery Deactivation Using Electrically Conductive Gel for Safe Transportation
Removing residual energy from end-of-life batteries prior to transportation requires some method of deactivation. While many methods have been proposed, very few have been implemented due to limitations of cost, safety, and efficacy. In this work, multiple cell and battery types (e.g., lithium-polym...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Batteries |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/11/5/201 |
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| author | Gordon Henry Waller Connor Jacob Annabelle Green Rachel Ashmore Carter Corey Thomas Love |
| author_facet | Gordon Henry Waller Connor Jacob Annabelle Green Rachel Ashmore Carter Corey Thomas Love |
| author_sort | Gordon Henry Waller |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Removing residual energy from end-of-life batteries prior to transportation requires some method of deactivation. While many methods have been proposed, very few have been implemented due to limitations of cost, safety, and efficacy. In this work, multiple cell and battery types (e.g., lithium-polymer pouch cells, 18650 lithium-ion cell, alkaline batteries, and lithium-ion power-tool batteries) were deactivated using a low-cost and easily applied gel consisting of borax cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol and carbon. The PVA–carbon composite creates an external short-circuit pathway of moderate resistance that enables the complete discharge of batteries. Abusive testing conducted after deactivation demonstrates that hazards are largely eliminated, including a complete avoidance of thermal runaway from lithium-ion cells and a reduction in flammable and toxic gases by several orders of magnitude. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8b0f4e7ac72943a98094882d91d42d9f |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2313-0105 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Batteries |
| spelling | doaj-art-8b0f4e7ac72943a98094882d91d42d9f2025-08-20T01:56:25ZengMDPI AGBatteries2313-01052025-05-0111520110.3390/batteries11050201Form Factor and Chemistry Agnostic Battery Deactivation Using Electrically Conductive Gel for Safe TransportationGordon Henry Waller0Connor Jacob1Annabelle Green2Rachel Ashmore Carter3Corey Thomas Love4Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USAPrecise Systems Inc., Lexington Park, MD 20653, USAChemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USAChemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USAChemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USARemoving residual energy from end-of-life batteries prior to transportation requires some method of deactivation. While many methods have been proposed, very few have been implemented due to limitations of cost, safety, and efficacy. In this work, multiple cell and battery types (e.g., lithium-polymer pouch cells, 18650 lithium-ion cell, alkaline batteries, and lithium-ion power-tool batteries) were deactivated using a low-cost and easily applied gel consisting of borax cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol and carbon. The PVA–carbon composite creates an external short-circuit pathway of moderate resistance that enables the complete discharge of batteries. Abusive testing conducted after deactivation demonstrates that hazards are largely eliminated, including a complete avoidance of thermal runaway from lithium-ion cells and a reduction in flammable and toxic gases by several orders of magnitude.https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/11/5/201batteriesbattery safetybattery deactivationlithium iontransportation |
| spellingShingle | Gordon Henry Waller Connor Jacob Annabelle Green Rachel Ashmore Carter Corey Thomas Love Form Factor and Chemistry Agnostic Battery Deactivation Using Electrically Conductive Gel for Safe Transportation Batteries batteries battery safety battery deactivation lithium ion transportation |
| title | Form Factor and Chemistry Agnostic Battery Deactivation Using Electrically Conductive Gel for Safe Transportation |
| title_full | Form Factor and Chemistry Agnostic Battery Deactivation Using Electrically Conductive Gel for Safe Transportation |
| title_fullStr | Form Factor and Chemistry Agnostic Battery Deactivation Using Electrically Conductive Gel for Safe Transportation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Form Factor and Chemistry Agnostic Battery Deactivation Using Electrically Conductive Gel for Safe Transportation |
| title_short | Form Factor and Chemistry Agnostic Battery Deactivation Using Electrically Conductive Gel for Safe Transportation |
| title_sort | form factor and chemistry agnostic battery deactivation using electrically conductive gel for safe transportation |
| topic | batteries battery safety battery deactivation lithium ion transportation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/11/5/201 |
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