Flood Inundation Mapping and Spatial Analysis: A Case Study of the 2022 Massive Flood in Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Climate change has increased the frequency of extreme precipitation, increasing rapid flood risks globally. This study integrates remote sensing, geospatial data and climatic statistics to map flood inundation and analyze precipitation patterns in Swat district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, follo...
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| Format: | Article |
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MO.RI Publishing
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://journal.moripublishing.com/index.php/injoes/article/view/1398 |
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| author | Atta Ullah Saddique Akbar Muhammad Afan Ghani Muhammad Paryal Muhammad Maaz Noman Ali Shah Imtiaz Momand |
| author_facet | Atta Ullah Saddique Akbar Muhammad Afan Ghani Muhammad Paryal Muhammad Maaz Noman Ali Shah Imtiaz Momand |
| author_sort | Atta Ullah |
| collection | DOAJ |
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Climate change has increased the frequency of extreme precipitation, increasing rapid flood risks globally. This study integrates remote sensing, geospatial data and climatic statistics to map flood inundation and analyze precipitation patterns in Swat district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, following the 2022 flood. We used Google Earth Engine (GEE), applied supervised classification on sentinel-2 imagery achieving an accuracy of 99.7% for 2021 and 97.3% for 2022, confirming the precision of our analysis. Flood water body levels were meticulously scrutinized, culminating in the production of an illuminating flood inundation map through the Summer Permanent Water Bodies (SPWB) exclusion layer and Normalized Difference Flood Index (NDFI) framework. The NDVI and SPWB exclusion layer identified 1230 km2 of inundated area and 258 km2 of land use change in 2022. Analysis of Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS) summer precipitation data revealed a peak of 877 mm in 2022, with significant increase in southern, central and northern parts of Swat. This study is an earnest attempt to advance our understanding of flood mapping and offer roadmap for enhanced disaster management, supporting urban planning and mitigation strategies in the flood prone regions of Swat.
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8b019bddd22d40b5a44858c88dbbee5b |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2798-1134 2797-3549 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MO.RI Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-8b019bddd22d40b5a44858c88dbbee5b2025-08-20T02:35:03ZengMO.RI PublishingIndonesian Journal of Earth Sciences2798-11342797-35492025-06-015110.52562/injoes.2025.1398Flood Inundation Mapping and Spatial Analysis: A Case Study of the 2022 Massive Flood in Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, PakistanAtta Ullah0Saddique Akbar1Muhammad Afan Ghani2Muhammad Paryal3Muhammad Maaz4Noman Ali Shah5Imtiaz Momand6State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China | University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China | University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 54890, PakistanState Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China | University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, PakistanState Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, ChinaPakhtunkhwa Energy Development Organization (PEDO) KPK, Peshawar, Pakistan Climate change has increased the frequency of extreme precipitation, increasing rapid flood risks globally. This study integrates remote sensing, geospatial data and climatic statistics to map flood inundation and analyze precipitation patterns in Swat district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, following the 2022 flood. We used Google Earth Engine (GEE), applied supervised classification on sentinel-2 imagery achieving an accuracy of 99.7% for 2021 and 97.3% for 2022, confirming the precision of our analysis. Flood water body levels were meticulously scrutinized, culminating in the production of an illuminating flood inundation map through the Summer Permanent Water Bodies (SPWB) exclusion layer and Normalized Difference Flood Index (NDFI) framework. The NDVI and SPWB exclusion layer identified 1230 km2 of inundated area and 258 km2 of land use change in 2022. Analysis of Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS) summer precipitation data revealed a peak of 877 mm in 2022, with significant increase in southern, central and northern parts of Swat. This study is an earnest attempt to advance our understanding of flood mapping and offer roadmap for enhanced disaster management, supporting urban planning and mitigation strategies in the flood prone regions of Swat. https://journal.moripublishing.com/index.php/injoes/article/view/1398FloodSwatClimate changeInundation |
| spellingShingle | Atta Ullah Saddique Akbar Muhammad Afan Ghani Muhammad Paryal Muhammad Maaz Noman Ali Shah Imtiaz Momand Flood Inundation Mapping and Spatial Analysis: A Case Study of the 2022 Massive Flood in Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences Flood Swat Climate change Inundation |
| title | Flood Inundation Mapping and Spatial Analysis: A Case Study of the 2022 Massive Flood in Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan |
| title_full | Flood Inundation Mapping and Spatial Analysis: A Case Study of the 2022 Massive Flood in Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan |
| title_fullStr | Flood Inundation Mapping and Spatial Analysis: A Case Study of the 2022 Massive Flood in Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Flood Inundation Mapping and Spatial Analysis: A Case Study of the 2022 Massive Flood in Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan |
| title_short | Flood Inundation Mapping and Spatial Analysis: A Case Study of the 2022 Massive Flood in Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan |
| title_sort | flood inundation mapping and spatial analysis a case study of the 2022 massive flood in swat khyber pakhtunkhwa pakistan |
| topic | Flood Swat Climate change Inundation |
| url | https://journal.moripublishing.com/index.php/injoes/article/view/1398 |
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