Quantitative multi-pathway assessment of exposure to Escherichia coli for infants in Rural Ethiopia.
In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), enteric infections pose a significant threat to children's health. However, understanding the specifics of when, where, and how young children in LMICs are exposed to enteric pathogens and the roles of animal reservoirs, environmental media, and huma...
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2025-06-01
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| Series: | PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0013154 |
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| author | Yuke Wang Yang Yang Crystal M Slanzi Xiaolong Li Amanda Ojeda Fevi Paro Loïc Deblais Habib Yakubu Bahar Mummed Hassen Halengo Game Kedir Teji Roba Elizabeth Schieber Abdulmuen Mohammed Ibrahim Jeylan Wolyie Jemal Yusuf Hassen Gireesh Rajashekara Sarah L McKune Arie H Havelaar Christine L Moe Song Liang |
| author_facet | Yuke Wang Yang Yang Crystal M Slanzi Xiaolong Li Amanda Ojeda Fevi Paro Loïc Deblais Habib Yakubu Bahar Mummed Hassen Halengo Game Kedir Teji Roba Elizabeth Schieber Abdulmuen Mohammed Ibrahim Jeylan Wolyie Jemal Yusuf Hassen Gireesh Rajashekara Sarah L McKune Arie H Havelaar Christine L Moe Song Liang |
| author_sort | Yuke Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), enteric infections pose a significant threat to children's health. However, understanding the specifics of when, where, and how young children in LMICs are exposed to enteric pathogens and the roles of animal reservoirs, environmental media, and human hosts play during exposure remains limited. This study systematically evaluates infants' exposure to E. coli through various pathways in the rural Haramaya woreda of Ethiopia. Between June 2021 and June 2022, we conducted over 1300 hours of structured behavioral observations on 79 infants when aged 4-8 months (Timepoint 1) and 11-15 months (Timepoint 2). Enumerators recorded the infant's behavior related to exposure, including when and where it occurred, using a data collection system for behavioral data (Countee). Concurrently, we collected 1338 environmental samples from key contact interfaces between infants, other people, and the environment to test for E. coli. We used a competing hazard model for duration-based behaviors, an inhomogeneous Poisson point process model for frequency-based behaviors, and a left-censored lognormal distribution model for E. coli contamination levels. The behavioral and environmental information was then integrated into an agent-based exposure model framework to quantify the exposure to E. coli through different pathways. The infant behavior, which altered the relative importance of different exposure pathways, changed as children grew older. Notably, we observed increased rates of touching behavior (e.g., touching fomites) and soil-pica, increased consumption of solid food, and more time spent on the bare ground at Timepoint 2. The major sources of exposure to E. coli were food and breastfeeding at Timepoint 1 and food and soil at Timepoint 2. This study provides insights for interventions to minimize infants' risk of exposure to fecal indicator bacteria, E. coli, and subsequent risk of enteric infections, including improved food handling practices, enhanced personal hygiene for breastfeeding caregivers, and education on the risk of soil-pica. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8a70d444637b43c28f14d32fa298c7f8 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1935-2727 1935-2735 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
| spelling | doaj-art-8a70d444637b43c28f14d32fa298c7f82025-08-20T02:10:25ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases1935-27271935-27352025-06-01196e001315410.1371/journal.pntd.0013154Quantitative multi-pathway assessment of exposure to Escherichia coli for infants in Rural Ethiopia.Yuke WangYang YangCrystal M SlanziXiaolong LiAmanda OjedaFevi ParoLoïc DeblaisHabib YakubuBahar Mummed HassenHalengo GameKedir Teji RobaElizabeth SchieberAbdulmuen Mohammed IbrahimJeylan WolyieJemal Yusuf HassenGireesh RajashekaraSarah L McKuneArie H HavelaarChristine L MoeSong LiangIn low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), enteric infections pose a significant threat to children's health. However, understanding the specifics of when, where, and how young children in LMICs are exposed to enteric pathogens and the roles of animal reservoirs, environmental media, and human hosts play during exposure remains limited. This study systematically evaluates infants' exposure to E. coli through various pathways in the rural Haramaya woreda of Ethiopia. Between June 2021 and June 2022, we conducted over 1300 hours of structured behavioral observations on 79 infants when aged 4-8 months (Timepoint 1) and 11-15 months (Timepoint 2). Enumerators recorded the infant's behavior related to exposure, including when and where it occurred, using a data collection system for behavioral data (Countee). Concurrently, we collected 1338 environmental samples from key contact interfaces between infants, other people, and the environment to test for E. coli. We used a competing hazard model for duration-based behaviors, an inhomogeneous Poisson point process model for frequency-based behaviors, and a left-censored lognormal distribution model for E. coli contamination levels. The behavioral and environmental information was then integrated into an agent-based exposure model framework to quantify the exposure to E. coli through different pathways. The infant behavior, which altered the relative importance of different exposure pathways, changed as children grew older. Notably, we observed increased rates of touching behavior (e.g., touching fomites) and soil-pica, increased consumption of solid food, and more time spent on the bare ground at Timepoint 2. The major sources of exposure to E. coli were food and breastfeeding at Timepoint 1 and food and soil at Timepoint 2. This study provides insights for interventions to minimize infants' risk of exposure to fecal indicator bacteria, E. coli, and subsequent risk of enteric infections, including improved food handling practices, enhanced personal hygiene for breastfeeding caregivers, and education on the risk of soil-pica.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0013154 |
| spellingShingle | Yuke Wang Yang Yang Crystal M Slanzi Xiaolong Li Amanda Ojeda Fevi Paro Loïc Deblais Habib Yakubu Bahar Mummed Hassen Halengo Game Kedir Teji Roba Elizabeth Schieber Abdulmuen Mohammed Ibrahim Jeylan Wolyie Jemal Yusuf Hassen Gireesh Rajashekara Sarah L McKune Arie H Havelaar Christine L Moe Song Liang Quantitative multi-pathway assessment of exposure to Escherichia coli for infants in Rural Ethiopia. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
| title | Quantitative multi-pathway assessment of exposure to Escherichia coli for infants in Rural Ethiopia. |
| title_full | Quantitative multi-pathway assessment of exposure to Escherichia coli for infants in Rural Ethiopia. |
| title_fullStr | Quantitative multi-pathway assessment of exposure to Escherichia coli for infants in Rural Ethiopia. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Quantitative multi-pathway assessment of exposure to Escherichia coli for infants in Rural Ethiopia. |
| title_short | Quantitative multi-pathway assessment of exposure to Escherichia coli for infants in Rural Ethiopia. |
| title_sort | quantitative multi pathway assessment of exposure to escherichia coli for infants in rural ethiopia |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0013154 |
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