Ready for School: A Multi-Dimensional Approach to School Readiness Assessment in Hispanic Children from Puerto Rico

School readiness during early childhood is crucial for future academic success. Existing guidelines recommend a comprehensive approach. This concurrent validation study developed a School Readiness Index (SRI) with five readiness domains: early learning skills, approach to learning, cognitive skills...

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Main Authors: Mary Rodríguez-Rabassa, Kamalich Muniz-Rodriguez, Allison A. Appleton, Marilyn Borges-Rodríguez, Nicole E. Ruiz-Raíces, Francisco J. Reyes-Santiago, Odette Olivieri-Ramos, Luisa I. Alvarado-Domenech
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Behavioral Sciences
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/15/7/957
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author Mary Rodríguez-Rabassa
Kamalich Muniz-Rodriguez
Allison A. Appleton
Marilyn Borges-Rodríguez
Nicole E. Ruiz-Raíces
Francisco J. Reyes-Santiago
Odette Olivieri-Ramos
Luisa I. Alvarado-Domenech
author_facet Mary Rodríguez-Rabassa
Kamalich Muniz-Rodriguez
Allison A. Appleton
Marilyn Borges-Rodríguez
Nicole E. Ruiz-Raíces
Francisco J. Reyes-Santiago
Odette Olivieri-Ramos
Luisa I. Alvarado-Domenech
author_sort Mary Rodríguez-Rabassa
collection DOAJ
description School readiness during early childhood is crucial for future academic success. Existing guidelines recommend a comprehensive approach. This concurrent validation study developed a School Readiness Index (SRI) with five readiness domains: early learning skills, approach to learning, cognitive skills, socioemotional development, and physical health. Through a cross-sectional comparative design, the school readiness skills of 119 Puerto Rican children (63 males, 56 females) aged 54–65 months were assessed using standardized tests (e.g., Batería IV Woodcock-Muñoz and NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery), parental questionnaires (e.g., Ages and Stages Questionnaire-3), and physical health assessments. Each measure was scored and classified using a binary coding system (0 and 1) based on participant abilities (e.g., 1 for expected performance, 0 if below expectations). A composite SRI score was calculated using 25 indicators. Discriminant validity was assessed by comparing children’s registration status in the special education program (SEP). Sex, household income, and maternal education are key determinants of school readiness. Children registered in the SEP had significantly lower composite scores than those not registered, supporting the SRI’s discriminant validity. The SRI is a reliable tool for identifying Hispanic children from Puerto Rico who may benefit from additional support. Inclusive and multidisciplinary assessment strategies are essential.
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spelling doaj-art-8a64dfc785684ce1a4dbdb76d2f27d742025-08-20T02:45:53ZengMDPI AGBehavioral Sciences2076-328X2025-07-0115795710.3390/bs15070957Ready for School: A Multi-Dimensional Approach to School Readiness Assessment in Hispanic Children from Puerto RicoMary Rodríguez-Rabassa0Kamalich Muniz-Rodriguez1Allison A. Appleton2Marilyn Borges-Rodríguez3Nicole E. Ruiz-Raíces4Francisco J. Reyes-Santiago5Odette Olivieri-Ramos6Luisa I. Alvarado-Domenech7Clinical Psychology Program, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce 00716, Puerto RicoPonce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce 00716, Puerto RicoDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Integrated Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USAPonce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce 00716, Puerto RicoClinical Psychology Program, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce 00716, Puerto RicoSpeech-Language Pathology Master’s Program, Carlos Albizu University, San Juan 00901, Puerto RicoDepartment of Pediatrics, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce 00716, Puerto RicoDepartment of Pediatrics, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce 00716, Puerto RicoSchool readiness during early childhood is crucial for future academic success. Existing guidelines recommend a comprehensive approach. This concurrent validation study developed a School Readiness Index (SRI) with five readiness domains: early learning skills, approach to learning, cognitive skills, socioemotional development, and physical health. Through a cross-sectional comparative design, the school readiness skills of 119 Puerto Rican children (63 males, 56 females) aged 54–65 months were assessed using standardized tests (e.g., Batería IV Woodcock-Muñoz and NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery), parental questionnaires (e.g., Ages and Stages Questionnaire-3), and physical health assessments. Each measure was scored and classified using a binary coding system (0 and 1) based on participant abilities (e.g., 1 for expected performance, 0 if below expectations). A composite SRI score was calculated using 25 indicators. Discriminant validity was assessed by comparing children’s registration status in the special education program (SEP). Sex, household income, and maternal education are key determinants of school readiness. Children registered in the SEP had significantly lower composite scores than those not registered, supporting the SRI’s discriminant validity. The SRI is a reliable tool for identifying Hispanic children from Puerto Rico who may benefit from additional support. Inclusive and multidisciplinary assessment strategies are essential.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/15/7/957school readinessearly educationschool readiness indexearly childhood developmentdevelopmental assessment
spellingShingle Mary Rodríguez-Rabassa
Kamalich Muniz-Rodriguez
Allison A. Appleton
Marilyn Borges-Rodríguez
Nicole E. Ruiz-Raíces
Francisco J. Reyes-Santiago
Odette Olivieri-Ramos
Luisa I. Alvarado-Domenech
Ready for School: A Multi-Dimensional Approach to School Readiness Assessment in Hispanic Children from Puerto Rico
Behavioral Sciences
school readiness
early education
school readiness index
early childhood development
developmental assessment
title Ready for School: A Multi-Dimensional Approach to School Readiness Assessment in Hispanic Children from Puerto Rico
title_full Ready for School: A Multi-Dimensional Approach to School Readiness Assessment in Hispanic Children from Puerto Rico
title_fullStr Ready for School: A Multi-Dimensional Approach to School Readiness Assessment in Hispanic Children from Puerto Rico
title_full_unstemmed Ready for School: A Multi-Dimensional Approach to School Readiness Assessment in Hispanic Children from Puerto Rico
title_short Ready for School: A Multi-Dimensional Approach to School Readiness Assessment in Hispanic Children from Puerto Rico
title_sort ready for school a multi dimensional approach to school readiness assessment in hispanic children from puerto rico
topic school readiness
early education
school readiness index
early childhood development
developmental assessment
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/15/7/957
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