Identification of Metabolites of Ferulic Acid in Human after Oral Administration
Ferulic acid (FA) is an active component in various traditional Chinese medicines, such as Angelicae sinensis Radix. Previous studies showed that FA exhibits multiple pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic effects. Due to its significant antioxidant ca...
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Editorial Board of Journal of Chinese Mass Spectrometry Society
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Zhipu Xuebao |
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| author | Qian PAN Wei LI Yang YANG Yong-qiang ZHAO Li LIAN Qing-qing CONG Li-hong WANG Yue-lin SONG Qian HONG |
| author_facet | Qian PAN Wei LI Yang YANG Yong-qiang ZHAO Li LIAN Qing-qing CONG Li-hong WANG Yue-lin SONG Qian HONG |
| author_sort | Qian PAN |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ferulic acid (FA) is an active component in various traditional Chinese medicines, such as Angelicae sinensis Radix. Previous studies showed that FA exhibits multiple pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic effects. Due to its significant antioxidant capacity, FA is utilized as an antioxidant food additive. Additionally, its sodium salt, sodium ferulic, is primarily used in clinic as an adjunct treatment for ischemic cerebrovascular iseases and associated disease. However, its metabolites in human after oral administration have not been thoroughly elucidated. Therefore, this study aims at identifying the metabolites of FA after oral administration and speculating on possible metabolic pathways. Plasma, urine and feces at different times (segments) from subjects with mild cognitive impairment in clinic were collected after oral administration of sodium ferulic. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) combines the high-efficiency separation capabilities of LC with the powerful qualitative analysis advantage of MS, playing a vital and irreplaceable role in the in-depth study of chemical profiles in complex systems. The coupling of a quadrupole with time-of-flight mass spectrometry can offer high sensitivity and high resolution, and has become one of the important analytical tools for the identification of metabolites. In this study, the structural identification of metabolites was conducted using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF MS) under negative ion mode. In order to enhance the structural annotation of metabolites, the in vitro incubation system serving as the classic and simple model for the study of liver metabolic enzymes and drug metabolism, were employed in combining use of available authentic standards, including ferulic acid, caffeic acid, 3-hydroxycinnamic acid, and dihydroferulic acid, to produce the targeted metabolite profiles. In the in vitro incubation system, the focus was on phase I and phase II metabolism, including reduction, hydroxylation, glucuronidation and sulfation of FA. As expected, a total of 10 metabolites are identified with retention time in the in vitro samples. The subsequent LC-MS analysis of the clinic samples identifies 31 metabolites of FA, among which 9 ones are detected in plasma, 15 ones in feces, and 27 compounds in urine. The primary metabolic pathways of FA are enriched to include methylation, demethylation, hydroxylation, dehydroxylation, reduction, glucuronidation, and sulfation of FA. This study systematically identifies the metabolites of FA in vivo, providing scientific evidence and reference for further studies in the pharmacological mechanism of FA. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-89d30adf8d6a4bfe9b8fb0d0b40417c0 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1004-2997 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Editorial Board of Journal of Chinese Mass Spectrometry Society |
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| series | Zhipu Xuebao |
| spelling | doaj-art-89d30adf8d6a4bfe9b8fb0d0b40417c02025-08-20T02:32:22ZengEditorial Board of Journal of Chinese Mass Spectrometry SocietyZhipu Xuebao1004-29972025-05-0146326527610.7538/zpxb.2024.01652024-165-c18Identification of Metabolites of Ferulic Acid in Human after Oral AdministrationQian PAN0Wei LI1Yang YANG2Yong-qiang ZHAO3Li LIAN4Qing-qing CONG5Li-hong WANG6Yue-lin SONG7Qian HONG8The Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, The 71st Group Army Hospital of the Chinese PLA, Xuzhou 221004, ChinaModern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102401, ChinaThe Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, The 71st Group Army Hospital of the Chinese PLA, Xuzhou 221004, ChinaThe Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, The 71st Group Army Hospital of the Chinese PLA, Xuzhou 221004, ChinaThe Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, The 71st Group Army Hospital of the Chinese PLA, Xuzhou 221004, ChinaThe Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, The 71st Group Army Hospital of the Chinese PLA, Xuzhou 221004, ChinaThe Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, The 71st Group Army Hospital of the Chinese PLA, Xuzhou 221004, ChinaModern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102401, ChinaThe Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, The 71st Group Army Hospital of the Chinese PLA, Xuzhou 221004, ChinaFerulic acid (FA) is an active component in various traditional Chinese medicines, such as Angelicae sinensis Radix. Previous studies showed that FA exhibits multiple pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic effects. Due to its significant antioxidant capacity, FA is utilized as an antioxidant food additive. Additionally, its sodium salt, sodium ferulic, is primarily used in clinic as an adjunct treatment for ischemic cerebrovascular iseases and associated disease. However, its metabolites in human after oral administration have not been thoroughly elucidated. Therefore, this study aims at identifying the metabolites of FA after oral administration and speculating on possible metabolic pathways. Plasma, urine and feces at different times (segments) from subjects with mild cognitive impairment in clinic were collected after oral administration of sodium ferulic. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) combines the high-efficiency separation capabilities of LC with the powerful qualitative analysis advantage of MS, playing a vital and irreplaceable role in the in-depth study of chemical profiles in complex systems. The coupling of a quadrupole with time-of-flight mass spectrometry can offer high sensitivity and high resolution, and has become one of the important analytical tools for the identification of metabolites. In this study, the structural identification of metabolites was conducted using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF MS) under negative ion mode. In order to enhance the structural annotation of metabolites, the in vitro incubation system serving as the classic and simple model for the study of liver metabolic enzymes and drug metabolism, were employed in combining use of available authentic standards, including ferulic acid, caffeic acid, 3-hydroxycinnamic acid, and dihydroferulic acid, to produce the targeted metabolite profiles. In the in vitro incubation system, the focus was on phase I and phase II metabolism, including reduction, hydroxylation, glucuronidation and sulfation of FA. As expected, a total of 10 metabolites are identified with retention time in the in vitro samples. The subsequent LC-MS analysis of the clinic samples identifies 31 metabolites of FA, among which 9 ones are detected in plasma, 15 ones in feces, and 27 compounds in urine. The primary metabolic pathways of FA are enriched to include methylation, demethylation, hydroxylation, dehydroxylation, reduction, glucuronidation, and sulfation of FA. This study systematically identifies the metabolites of FA in vivo, providing scientific evidence and reference for further studies in the pharmacological mechanism of FA.https://zpxb.xml-journal.net/article/doi/10.7538/zpxb.2024.0165ferulic acidultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (uplc-q/tof ms)metabolitesmetabolic pathways |
| spellingShingle | Qian PAN Wei LI Yang YANG Yong-qiang ZHAO Li LIAN Qing-qing CONG Li-hong WANG Yue-lin SONG Qian HONG Identification of Metabolites of Ferulic Acid in Human after Oral Administration Zhipu Xuebao ferulic acid ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (uplc-q/tof ms) metabolites metabolic pathways |
| title | Identification of Metabolites of Ferulic Acid in Human after Oral Administration |
| title_full | Identification of Metabolites of Ferulic Acid in Human after Oral Administration |
| title_fullStr | Identification of Metabolites of Ferulic Acid in Human after Oral Administration |
| title_full_unstemmed | Identification of Metabolites of Ferulic Acid in Human after Oral Administration |
| title_short | Identification of Metabolites of Ferulic Acid in Human after Oral Administration |
| title_sort | identification of metabolites of ferulic acid in human after oral administration |
| topic | ferulic acid ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (uplc-q/tof ms) metabolites metabolic pathways |
| url | https://zpxb.xml-journal.net/article/doi/10.7538/zpxb.2024.0165 |
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