Are Collagen Protons Visible with the Zero Echo Time (ZTE) Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequence: A D<sub>2</sub>O Exchange and Freeze-Drying Study
It is known that ultrashort echo time (UTE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences can detect signals from water protons but not collagen protons in short T2 species such as cortical bone and tendons. However, whether collagen protons are visible with the zero echo time (ZTE) MRI sequence is sti...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Tan Guo Dina Moazamian Arya A. Suprana Saeed Jerban Eric Y. Chang Yajun Ma Michael Carl Min Chen Jiang Du |
| author_facet | Tan Guo Dina Moazamian Arya A. Suprana Saeed Jerban Eric Y. Chang Yajun Ma Michael Carl Min Chen Jiang Du |
| author_sort | Tan Guo |
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| description | It is known that ultrashort echo time (UTE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences can detect signals from water protons but not collagen protons in short T2 species such as cortical bone and tendons. However, whether collagen protons are visible with the zero echo time (ZTE) MRI sequence is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the potential of the ZTE MRI sequence on a clinical 3T scanner to directly image collagen protons via D<sub>2</sub>O exchange and freeze-drying experiments. ZTE and UTE MRI sequences were employed to image fully hydrated bovine cortical bone (<i>n</i> = 10) and human patellar tendon (<i>n</i> = 1) specimens. Then, each specimen was kept in a 30 mL syringe filled with D<sub>2</sub>O solution for two days. Fresh D<sub>2</sub>O was flushed every 2 h to reach a more complete D<sub>2</sub>O–H<sub>2</sub>O exchange. Later, the samples were lyophilized for over 40 h and then sealed in tubes. Finally, the samples were brought to room temperature and visualized using the identical 3D ZTE and UTE sequences. All hydrated bone and tendon specimens showed high signals with ZTE and UTE sequences. However, all specimens showed zero signal after the D<sub>2</sub>O exchange and freeze-drying procedures. Therefore, similar to UTE imaging, the signal source in ZTE imaging is water. The ZTE sequence cannot directly detect signals from collagen protons in bone and tendons. |
| format | Article |
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| spelling | doaj-art-899571f6346d4efdb088d21daa327dae2025-01-24T13:22:58ZengMDPI AGBioengineering2306-53542024-12-011211610.3390/bioengineering12010016Are Collagen Protons Visible with the Zero Echo Time (ZTE) Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequence: A D<sub>2</sub>O Exchange and Freeze-Drying StudyTan Guo0Dina Moazamian1Arya A. Suprana2Saeed Jerban3Eric Y. Chang4Yajun Ma5Michael Carl6Min Chen7Jiang Du8Department of Radiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, ChinaDepartment of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037, USADepartment of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037, USADepartment of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037, USADepartment of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037, USADepartment of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037, USAGE Healthcare, San Diego, CA 92123, USADepartment of Radiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, ChinaDepartment of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037, USAIt is known that ultrashort echo time (UTE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences can detect signals from water protons but not collagen protons in short T2 species such as cortical bone and tendons. However, whether collagen protons are visible with the zero echo time (ZTE) MRI sequence is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the potential of the ZTE MRI sequence on a clinical 3T scanner to directly image collagen protons via D<sub>2</sub>O exchange and freeze-drying experiments. ZTE and UTE MRI sequences were employed to image fully hydrated bovine cortical bone (<i>n</i> = 10) and human patellar tendon (<i>n</i> = 1) specimens. Then, each specimen was kept in a 30 mL syringe filled with D<sub>2</sub>O solution for two days. Fresh D<sub>2</sub>O was flushed every 2 h to reach a more complete D<sub>2</sub>O–H<sub>2</sub>O exchange. Later, the samples were lyophilized for over 40 h and then sealed in tubes. Finally, the samples were brought to room temperature and visualized using the identical 3D ZTE and UTE sequences. All hydrated bone and tendon specimens showed high signals with ZTE and UTE sequences. However, all specimens showed zero signal after the D<sub>2</sub>O exchange and freeze-drying procedures. Therefore, similar to UTE imaging, the signal source in ZTE imaging is water. The ZTE sequence cannot directly detect signals from collagen protons in bone and tendons.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/12/1/16magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)ultrashort echo time (UTE)zero echo time (ZTE)D<sub>2</sub>O–H<sub>2</sub>O exchangecollagen |
| spellingShingle | Tan Guo Dina Moazamian Arya A. Suprana Saeed Jerban Eric Y. Chang Yajun Ma Michael Carl Min Chen Jiang Du Are Collagen Protons Visible with the Zero Echo Time (ZTE) Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequence: A D<sub>2</sub>O Exchange and Freeze-Drying Study Bioengineering magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ultrashort echo time (UTE) zero echo time (ZTE) D<sub>2</sub>O–H<sub>2</sub>O exchange collagen |
| title | Are Collagen Protons Visible with the Zero Echo Time (ZTE) Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequence: A D<sub>2</sub>O Exchange and Freeze-Drying Study |
| title_full | Are Collagen Protons Visible with the Zero Echo Time (ZTE) Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequence: A D<sub>2</sub>O Exchange and Freeze-Drying Study |
| title_fullStr | Are Collagen Protons Visible with the Zero Echo Time (ZTE) Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequence: A D<sub>2</sub>O Exchange and Freeze-Drying Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Are Collagen Protons Visible with the Zero Echo Time (ZTE) Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequence: A D<sub>2</sub>O Exchange and Freeze-Drying Study |
| title_short | Are Collagen Protons Visible with the Zero Echo Time (ZTE) Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequence: A D<sub>2</sub>O Exchange and Freeze-Drying Study |
| title_sort | are collagen protons visible with the zero echo time zte magnetic resonance imaging sequence a d sub 2 sub o exchange and freeze drying study |
| topic | magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ultrashort echo time (UTE) zero echo time (ZTE) D<sub>2</sub>O–H<sub>2</sub>O exchange collagen |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/12/1/16 |
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