A Nationwide Evaluation of Antibiotic Consumption in Kazakhstan from 2019 to 2023
Background/Objectives: There has been a lack of a holistic approach to evaluating antibiotic consumption in Kazakhstan over the past few years using an internationally recognized methodology. Therefore, this study aimed to provide a nationwide evaluation of antibiotic consumption in Kazakhstan durin...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2024-11-01
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| Series: | Antibiotics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/13/12/1123 |
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| author | Yuliya Semenova Ademi Yergaliyeva Ainur Aimurziyeva Almira Manatova Anargul Kuntuganova Larissa Makalkina Nurgul Aldiyarova Daniil Semenov Lisa Lim |
| author_facet | Yuliya Semenova Ademi Yergaliyeva Ainur Aimurziyeva Almira Manatova Anargul Kuntuganova Larissa Makalkina Nurgul Aldiyarova Daniil Semenov Lisa Lim |
| author_sort | Yuliya Semenova |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background/Objectives: There has been a lack of a holistic approach to evaluating antibiotic consumption in Kazakhstan over the past few years using an internationally recognized methodology. Therefore, this study aimed to provide a nationwide evaluation of antibiotic consumption in Kazakhstan during the period 2019–2023. Methods: Defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day (DIDs) were calculated for systemic antibiotics (J01 code of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC)) following the methodology established by the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS-AMC). The average annual percent change (AAPC) was computed for each chemical agent, pharmacological group, and J01 in general to evaluate past trends in antibiotic consumption. Results: The consumption of J01 antibiotics ranged between 10.869 DIDs (2022) and 14.470 DIDs (2020). There was an increase in antibiotic consumption during 2020 and 2021, but the overall trend was declining, with an AAPC of −2.45%. Azithromycin was the most consumed systemic antibiotic, followed by ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin. The consumption of “Watch” group antibiotics prevailed in Kazakhstan during the study period, with the number of people consuming the top five “Watch” group antibiotics rising from 72,578 in 2019 to 94,617 in 2023. Conclusions: The findings of this study are crucial for the reorganization of the national antimicrobial stewardship program. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-898341bcaa0b4dbfa4a13b2e414b2feb |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2079-6382 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antibiotics |
| spelling | doaj-art-898341bcaa0b4dbfa4a13b2e414b2feb2025-08-20T02:53:18ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822024-11-011312112310.3390/antibiotics13121123A Nationwide Evaluation of Antibiotic Consumption in Kazakhstan from 2019 to 2023Yuliya Semenova0Ademi Yergaliyeva1Ainur Aimurziyeva2Almira Manatova3Anargul Kuntuganova4Larissa Makalkina5Nurgul Aldiyarova6Daniil Semenov7Lisa Lim8Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, KazakhstanNational Center of Public Healthcare, Astana 010000, KazakhstanSchool of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, KazakhstanNational Scientific Center for Oncology and Transplantation, Astana 020000, KazakhstanDepartment of Surgery, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, KazakhstanDepartment of Clinical Pharmacology, Astana Medical University, Astana 010000, KazakhstanProfessional Association of Clinical Pharmacologists and Pharmacists, Astana 010000, KazakhstanComputer Science and Engineering Program, Astana IT University, Astana 010000, KazakhstanGraduate School of Public Policy, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, KazakhstanBackground/Objectives: There has been a lack of a holistic approach to evaluating antibiotic consumption in Kazakhstan over the past few years using an internationally recognized methodology. Therefore, this study aimed to provide a nationwide evaluation of antibiotic consumption in Kazakhstan during the period 2019–2023. Methods: Defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day (DIDs) were calculated for systemic antibiotics (J01 code of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC)) following the methodology established by the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS-AMC). The average annual percent change (AAPC) was computed for each chemical agent, pharmacological group, and J01 in general to evaluate past trends in antibiotic consumption. Results: The consumption of J01 antibiotics ranged between 10.869 DIDs (2022) and 14.470 DIDs (2020). There was an increase in antibiotic consumption during 2020 and 2021, but the overall trend was declining, with an AAPC of −2.45%. Azithromycin was the most consumed systemic antibiotic, followed by ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin. The consumption of “Watch” group antibiotics prevailed in Kazakhstan during the study period, with the number of people consuming the top five “Watch” group antibiotics rising from 72,578 in 2019 to 94,617 in 2023. Conclusions: The findings of this study are crucial for the reorganization of the national antimicrobial stewardship program.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/13/12/1123antimicrobial resistanceantibiotic consumptionantimicrobial stewardshipdefined daily dosesKazakhstan |
| spellingShingle | Yuliya Semenova Ademi Yergaliyeva Ainur Aimurziyeva Almira Manatova Anargul Kuntuganova Larissa Makalkina Nurgul Aldiyarova Daniil Semenov Lisa Lim A Nationwide Evaluation of Antibiotic Consumption in Kazakhstan from 2019 to 2023 Antibiotics antimicrobial resistance antibiotic consumption antimicrobial stewardship defined daily doses Kazakhstan |
| title | A Nationwide Evaluation of Antibiotic Consumption in Kazakhstan from 2019 to 2023 |
| title_full | A Nationwide Evaluation of Antibiotic Consumption in Kazakhstan from 2019 to 2023 |
| title_fullStr | A Nationwide Evaluation of Antibiotic Consumption in Kazakhstan from 2019 to 2023 |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Nationwide Evaluation of Antibiotic Consumption in Kazakhstan from 2019 to 2023 |
| title_short | A Nationwide Evaluation of Antibiotic Consumption in Kazakhstan from 2019 to 2023 |
| title_sort | nationwide evaluation of antibiotic consumption in kazakhstan from 2019 to 2023 |
| topic | antimicrobial resistance antibiotic consumption antimicrobial stewardship defined daily doses Kazakhstan |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/13/12/1123 |
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