Deepfakes Detection by Iris Analysis
Deepfake is an advanced technology that creates extremely realistic facial images and videos. This new technique operates under specific conditions and has a wide range of applications. For example, it can be used in the entertainment industry to create impressive visual effects or to insert actors...
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| Format: | Article |
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IEEE
2025-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Access |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10835076/ |
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| author | Elisabeth Tchaptchet Elie Fute Tagne Jaime Acosta Danda B. Rawat Charles Kamhoua |
| author_facet | Elisabeth Tchaptchet Elie Fute Tagne Jaime Acosta Danda B. Rawat Charles Kamhoua |
| author_sort | Elisabeth Tchaptchet |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Deepfake is an advanced technology that creates extremely realistic facial images and videos. This new technique operates under specific conditions and has a wide range of applications. For example, it can be used in the entertainment industry to create impressive visual effects or to insert actors into scenes convincingly. Similarly, in the film industry, deepfakes can help make movies by faithfully reproducing the appearance of actors who are not physically present. It is also useful for creating realistic digital avatars of people, which can be used in virtual environments, video games, or augmented reality applications. Recently, the emergence of new content generation models capable of creating impressively realistic images has been gaining momentum. Despite their advantages, they also cause significant issues when used maliciously, such as for identity theft, misinformation, and obscene depictions of well-known individuals. Therefore, it is crucial to implement effective methods to expose this generated content and thus reduce crime associated with deepfakes. This article presents a novel method for detecting fake content based on an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of eye irises. By applying a gradient map to the iris, it is possible to visualize the biological characteristics specific to eye irises, such as the round shape, identical reflections in the two irises of the same face, the size of the iris, etc. The gradient map highlights all the contours of the objects present in the iris; thus, the reflected light present in the corneas is represented by brighter pixels comparable to heat. We show that two irises of the same face are almost identical in shape, reflection, and size. Our experimental results on the Flickr-Faces-HQ (FFHQ) dataset and images obtained from StyleGAN2 demonstrate that our algorithm achieves a remarkable detection accuracy of 0.979 and 0.921 sensitivity. Furthermore, the method has a specificity of 0.937 and a precision of 0.960, thereby proving the effectiveness of the gradient map associated with the shape of the pupil in detecting Generative adversarial network (GAN) generated faces. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8982b312bd3f44a5a58ada17b2e19951 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Access |
| spelling | doaj-art-8982b312bd3f44a5a58ada17b2e199512025-08-20T02:15:20ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362025-01-01138977898710.1109/ACCESS.2025.352786810835076Deepfakes Detection by Iris AnalysisElisabeth Tchaptchet0https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5259-5321Elie Fute Tagne1Jaime Acosta2Danda B. Rawat3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3638-3464Charles Kamhoua4https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2169-5975Mathematics and Computer Science Department, University of Dschang, Dschang, CameroonMathematics and Computer Science Department, University of Buea, Buea, CameroonDEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Network Security Branch, Adelphi, MD, USADepartment of Computer Science, Howard University, Washington, DC, USADEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Network Security Branch, Adelphi, MD, USADeepfake is an advanced technology that creates extremely realistic facial images and videos. This new technique operates under specific conditions and has a wide range of applications. For example, it can be used in the entertainment industry to create impressive visual effects or to insert actors into scenes convincingly. Similarly, in the film industry, deepfakes can help make movies by faithfully reproducing the appearance of actors who are not physically present. It is also useful for creating realistic digital avatars of people, which can be used in virtual environments, video games, or augmented reality applications. Recently, the emergence of new content generation models capable of creating impressively realistic images has been gaining momentum. Despite their advantages, they also cause significant issues when used maliciously, such as for identity theft, misinformation, and obscene depictions of well-known individuals. Therefore, it is crucial to implement effective methods to expose this generated content and thus reduce crime associated with deepfakes. This article presents a novel method for detecting fake content based on an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of eye irises. By applying a gradient map to the iris, it is possible to visualize the biological characteristics specific to eye irises, such as the round shape, identical reflections in the two irises of the same face, the size of the iris, etc. The gradient map highlights all the contours of the objects present in the iris; thus, the reflected light present in the corneas is represented by brighter pixels comparable to heat. We show that two irises of the same face are almost identical in shape, reflection, and size. Our experimental results on the Flickr-Faces-HQ (FFHQ) dataset and images obtained from StyleGAN2 demonstrate that our algorithm achieves a remarkable detection accuracy of 0.979 and 0.921 sensitivity. Furthermore, the method has a specificity of 0.937 and a precision of 0.960, thereby proving the effectiveness of the gradient map associated with the shape of the pupil in detecting Generative adversarial network (GAN) generated faces.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10835076/Deepfakesgradient mapeyesGANpupil segmentation |
| spellingShingle | Elisabeth Tchaptchet Elie Fute Tagne Jaime Acosta Danda B. Rawat Charles Kamhoua Deepfakes Detection by Iris Analysis IEEE Access Deepfakes gradient map eyes GAN pupil segmentation |
| title | Deepfakes Detection by Iris Analysis |
| title_full | Deepfakes Detection by Iris Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Deepfakes Detection by Iris Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Deepfakes Detection by Iris Analysis |
| title_short | Deepfakes Detection by Iris Analysis |
| title_sort | deepfakes detection by iris analysis |
| topic | Deepfakes gradient map eyes GAN pupil segmentation |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10835076/ |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT elisabethtchaptchet deepfakesdetectionbyirisanalysis AT eliefutetagne deepfakesdetectionbyirisanalysis AT jaimeacosta deepfakesdetectionbyirisanalysis AT dandabrawat deepfakesdetectionbyirisanalysis AT charleskamhoua deepfakesdetectionbyirisanalysis |