Optimization of a Natural-Deep-Eutectic-Solvent-Based Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Method for the Multi-Target Determination of Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater
The widespread discharge of industrial and urban waste has led to significant increases in the environmental concentrations of numerous chemical substances. This work presents the development of a simple and environmentally friendly dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) method based on a...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-07-01
|
| Series: | Molecules |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/14/2988 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1849251924561362944 |
|---|---|
| author | Beatriz Gómez-Nieto Antigoni Konomi Georgios Gkotsis Maria-Christina Nika Nikolaos S. Thomaidis |
| author_facet | Beatriz Gómez-Nieto Antigoni Konomi Georgios Gkotsis Maria-Christina Nika Nikolaos S. Thomaidis |
| author_sort | Beatriz Gómez-Nieto |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The widespread discharge of industrial and urban waste has led to significant increases in the environmental concentrations of numerous chemical substances. This work presents the development of a simple and environmentally friendly dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) method based on a hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) for the determination of selected compounds from benzotriazole, benzothiazole, paraben, and UV filter families in wastewater samples. Of the twelve NADES formulations evaluated, those composed of a 4:1 molar ratio of thymol and menthol presented the highest extraction efficiencies. The influence of key experimental variables such as the pH of the aqueous sample, the ratio of NADES phase to sample volume, and the extraction time on the extraction efficiency was investigated using a multivariate optimization. Under optimal conditions, relative standard deviations below 15% and recoveries for spiked wastewater samples ranged between 82 and 108%, demonstrating the suitability of the method for routine water-quality monitoring. The sustainability and practicality of the developed method was evaluated using the assessment tools ChlorTox, AGREEprep, AGRRE, and BAGI, obtaining scores of 0.005 g in the NADES-DLLME method, 0.70, 0.52, and 72.5, respectively, demonstrating that the method is green and reliable. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-892b8a2eea2546edb2a623713aed9752 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-892b8a2eea2546edb2a623713aed97522025-08-20T03:56:46ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-07-013014298810.3390/molecules30142988Optimization of a Natural-Deep-Eutectic-Solvent-Based Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Method for the Multi-Target Determination of Emerging Contaminants in WastewaterBeatriz Gómez-Nieto0Antigoni Konomi1Georgios Gkotsis2Maria-Christina Nika3Nikolaos S. Thomaidis4Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Avda. Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, 28049 Madrid, SpainLaboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, GreeceLaboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, GreeceLaboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, GreeceLaboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, GreeceThe widespread discharge of industrial and urban waste has led to significant increases in the environmental concentrations of numerous chemical substances. This work presents the development of a simple and environmentally friendly dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) method based on a hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) for the determination of selected compounds from benzotriazole, benzothiazole, paraben, and UV filter families in wastewater samples. Of the twelve NADES formulations evaluated, those composed of a 4:1 molar ratio of thymol and menthol presented the highest extraction efficiencies. The influence of key experimental variables such as the pH of the aqueous sample, the ratio of NADES phase to sample volume, and the extraction time on the extraction efficiency was investigated using a multivariate optimization. Under optimal conditions, relative standard deviations below 15% and recoveries for spiked wastewater samples ranged between 82 and 108%, demonstrating the suitability of the method for routine water-quality monitoring. The sustainability and practicality of the developed method was evaluated using the assessment tools ChlorTox, AGREEprep, AGRRE, and BAGI, obtaining scores of 0.005 g in the NADES-DLLME method, 0.70, 0.52, and 72.5, respectively, demonstrating that the method is green and reliable.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/14/2988hydrophobic NADESmicroextractionemerging contaminantswastewatergreen analytical chemistryUHPLC-QTOF-MS |
| spellingShingle | Beatriz Gómez-Nieto Antigoni Konomi Georgios Gkotsis Maria-Christina Nika Nikolaos S. Thomaidis Optimization of a Natural-Deep-Eutectic-Solvent-Based Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Method for the Multi-Target Determination of Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater Molecules hydrophobic NADES microextraction emerging contaminants wastewater green analytical chemistry UHPLC-QTOF-MS |
| title | Optimization of a Natural-Deep-Eutectic-Solvent-Based Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Method for the Multi-Target Determination of Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater |
| title_full | Optimization of a Natural-Deep-Eutectic-Solvent-Based Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Method for the Multi-Target Determination of Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater |
| title_fullStr | Optimization of a Natural-Deep-Eutectic-Solvent-Based Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Method for the Multi-Target Determination of Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optimization of a Natural-Deep-Eutectic-Solvent-Based Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Method for the Multi-Target Determination of Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater |
| title_short | Optimization of a Natural-Deep-Eutectic-Solvent-Based Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Method for the Multi-Target Determination of Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater |
| title_sort | optimization of a natural deep eutectic solvent based dispersive liquid liquid microextraction method for the multi target determination of emerging contaminants in wastewater |
| topic | hydrophobic NADES microextraction emerging contaminants wastewater green analytical chemistry UHPLC-QTOF-MS |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/14/2988 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT beatrizgomeznieto optimizationofanaturaldeepeutecticsolventbaseddispersiveliquidliquidmicroextractionmethodforthemultitargetdeterminationofemergingcontaminantsinwastewater AT antigonikonomi optimizationofanaturaldeepeutecticsolventbaseddispersiveliquidliquidmicroextractionmethodforthemultitargetdeterminationofemergingcontaminantsinwastewater AT georgiosgkotsis optimizationofanaturaldeepeutecticsolventbaseddispersiveliquidliquidmicroextractionmethodforthemultitargetdeterminationofemergingcontaminantsinwastewater AT mariachristinanika optimizationofanaturaldeepeutecticsolventbaseddispersiveliquidliquidmicroextractionmethodforthemultitargetdeterminationofemergingcontaminantsinwastewater AT nikolaossthomaidis optimizationofanaturaldeepeutecticsolventbaseddispersiveliquidliquidmicroextractionmethodforthemultitargetdeterminationofemergingcontaminantsinwastewater |