London Rocket (<i>Sisymbrium irio</i> L.) as Healthy Green: Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivity of Plants Grown in Wild and Controlled Environments
London rocket (<i>Sisymbrium irio</i>) is a wild green consumed globally, yet its phytochemical composition remains underexplored. In this study, we analyzed the leaves of wild <i>S. irio</i> plants and those grown in controlled environments (GCE) with varying electrical cond...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| author | Tarik Chileh-Chelh Tatiana Pagan Loeiro da Cunha-Chiamolera Miguel Urrestarazu Mohamed Ezzaitouni Rosalía López-Ruiz Cinthia Nájera Miguel Ángel Rincón-Cervera José Luis Guil-Guerrero |
| author_facet | Tarik Chileh-Chelh Tatiana Pagan Loeiro da Cunha-Chiamolera Miguel Urrestarazu Mohamed Ezzaitouni Rosalía López-Ruiz Cinthia Nájera Miguel Ángel Rincón-Cervera José Luis Guil-Guerrero |
| author_sort | Tarik Chileh-Chelh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | London rocket (<i>Sisymbrium irio</i>) is a wild green consumed globally, yet its phytochemical composition remains underexplored. In this study, we analyzed the leaves of wild <i>S. irio</i> plants and those grown in controlled environments (GCE) with varying electrical conductivities (EC) and light spectra. Plants were assessed for growth, phenolic content, vitamin C, antioxidant activity, glucosinolates, and antiproliferative effects against HT-29 human colorectal cancer cells. The optimal biomass yield occurred at the EC levels of 3.0–3.5 dS m<sup>−1</sup> under Valoya<sup>®</sup> LED light. Wild plants showed higher antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS assays) than GCE samples, with values of 8.03–8.67 and 6.49–6.81 mmol TE per 100 g dry weight, respectively. The vitamin C range was 50.7–84.3 and 84.5–186.9 mg 100 g<sup>−1</sup> fresh weight for GCE and wild samples, respectively. Phenolic content was higher in wild plants than in the GCE ones, with apigetrin as the primary phenolic compound. The MTT assay showed that ethanol extracts from wild plants weakly inhibited HT-29 cell growth, with a GI<sub>50</sub> of 210–380 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> after 72 h of cells exposure to plant extracts. Principal Component Analysis suggested that EC and UV exposure increase the antioxidant activity, total phenolics, and glucosinolates in wild plants, offering insights into the bioactive profiles of <i>S. irio</i> leaves. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8901357e3cf64933a0ab28a5089fffcb |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-8901357e3cf64933a0ab28a5089fffcb2025-08-20T02:47:06ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492024-12-013013110.3390/molecules30010031London Rocket (<i>Sisymbrium irio</i> L.) as Healthy Green: Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivity of Plants Grown in Wild and Controlled EnvironmentsTarik Chileh-Chelh0Tatiana Pagan Loeiro da Cunha-Chiamolera1Miguel Urrestarazu2Mohamed Ezzaitouni3Rosalía López-Ruiz4Cinthia Nájera5Miguel Ángel Rincón-Cervera6José Luis Guil-Guerrero7Food Technology Division, University of Almería, 04120 Almeria, SpainVegetal Production Division, University of Almería, 04120 Almeria, SpainVegetal Production Division, University of Almería, 04120 Almeria, SpainFood Technology Division, University of Almería, 04120 Almeria, SpainDepartment of Chemistry-Physics, Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants, University of Almería, 04120 Almeria, SpainVegetal Production Division, University of Almería, 04120 Almeria, SpainFood Technology Division, University of Almería, 04120 Almeria, SpainFood Technology Division, University of Almería, 04120 Almeria, SpainLondon rocket (<i>Sisymbrium irio</i>) is a wild green consumed globally, yet its phytochemical composition remains underexplored. In this study, we analyzed the leaves of wild <i>S. irio</i> plants and those grown in controlled environments (GCE) with varying electrical conductivities (EC) and light spectra. Plants were assessed for growth, phenolic content, vitamin C, antioxidant activity, glucosinolates, and antiproliferative effects against HT-29 human colorectal cancer cells. The optimal biomass yield occurred at the EC levels of 3.0–3.5 dS m<sup>−1</sup> under Valoya<sup>®</sup> LED light. Wild plants showed higher antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS assays) than GCE samples, with values of 8.03–8.67 and 6.49–6.81 mmol TE per 100 g dry weight, respectively. The vitamin C range was 50.7–84.3 and 84.5–186.9 mg 100 g<sup>−1</sup> fresh weight for GCE and wild samples, respectively. Phenolic content was higher in wild plants than in the GCE ones, with apigetrin as the primary phenolic compound. The MTT assay showed that ethanol extracts from wild plants weakly inhibited HT-29 cell growth, with a GI<sub>50</sub> of 210–380 µg mL<sup>−1</sup> after 72 h of cells exposure to plant extracts. Principal Component Analysis suggested that EC and UV exposure increase the antioxidant activity, total phenolics, and glucosinolates in wild plants, offering insights into the bioactive profiles of <i>S. irio</i> leaves.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/1/31London rocketsoilless cultureapigetrinvitamin Cantioxidant activityHT-29 cell line |
| spellingShingle | Tarik Chileh-Chelh Tatiana Pagan Loeiro da Cunha-Chiamolera Miguel Urrestarazu Mohamed Ezzaitouni Rosalía López-Ruiz Cinthia Nájera Miguel Ángel Rincón-Cervera José Luis Guil-Guerrero London Rocket (<i>Sisymbrium irio</i> L.) as Healthy Green: Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivity of Plants Grown in Wild and Controlled Environments Molecules London rocket soilless culture apigetrin vitamin C antioxidant activity HT-29 cell line |
| title | London Rocket (<i>Sisymbrium irio</i> L.) as Healthy Green: Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivity of Plants Grown in Wild and Controlled Environments |
| title_full | London Rocket (<i>Sisymbrium irio</i> L.) as Healthy Green: Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivity of Plants Grown in Wild and Controlled Environments |
| title_fullStr | London Rocket (<i>Sisymbrium irio</i> L.) as Healthy Green: Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivity of Plants Grown in Wild and Controlled Environments |
| title_full_unstemmed | London Rocket (<i>Sisymbrium irio</i> L.) as Healthy Green: Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivity of Plants Grown in Wild and Controlled Environments |
| title_short | London Rocket (<i>Sisymbrium irio</i> L.) as Healthy Green: Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivity of Plants Grown in Wild and Controlled Environments |
| title_sort | london rocket i sisymbrium irio i l as healthy green bioactive compounds and bioactivity of plants grown in wild and controlled environments |
| topic | London rocket soilless culture apigetrin vitamin C antioxidant activity HT-29 cell line |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/1/31 |
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