Mental stress and the risks of metabolic syndrome and related components in military personnel: CHIEF cohort study
BackgroundThe association observed between mental stress and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has varied across studies and may be confounded by physical activity (PA) and fitness status.MethodThis study included a military cohort of 2,854 participants in Taiwan who were not taking any medications and were...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2025.1432464/full |
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| author | Kun-Zhe Tsai Kun-Zhe Tsai Kun-Zhe Tsai Ko-Huan Lin Ai-Hsiu Hung Yun-Chen Chang Yun-Chen Chang Xuemei Sui Carl J. Lavie Gen-Min Lin Gen-Min Lin |
| author_facet | Kun-Zhe Tsai Kun-Zhe Tsai Kun-Zhe Tsai Ko-Huan Lin Ai-Hsiu Hung Yun-Chen Chang Yun-Chen Chang Xuemei Sui Carl J. Lavie Gen-Min Lin Gen-Min Lin |
| author_sort | Kun-Zhe Tsai |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundThe association observed between mental stress and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has varied across studies and may be confounded by physical activity (PA) and fitness status.MethodThis study included a military cohort of 2,854 participants in Taiwan who were not taking any medications and were free of baseline MetS. The Brief Symptoms Rating Scale (BSRS-5) includes five domains—depression, anxiety, hostility, insomnia, and interpersonal sensitivity—measured on a five-point Likert-type scale ranging from 0 to 4, with a maximum score of 20. PA (hrs/wk) was categorized into three levels: <150, 150–299 and ≥300. Aerobic fitness was evaluated by the amount of time taken to complete a 3,000 m run. MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis with adjustments for potential covariates including PA and aerobic fitness was utilized to determine the associations of BSRS-5 scores (each 1-unit score increase) with the incidence of MetS and related features.ResultsDuring a median follow-up period of 5.8 years, 662 new-onset cases of MetS (23.2%) developed. BSRS-5 scores were not associated with the risk of new-onset MetS [hazard ratio (HR): 1.006 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.975, 1.039]]. Among the five MetS features, the only one associated with BSRS-5 scores was the risk of new-onset hypertension [HR: 1.038 (95% CI: 1.002, 1.075)], which was defined as blood pressure ≥130/85 mmHg or the use of antihypertensive medications, among 2,405 participants free of baseline hypertension.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that in young adult military personnel, mental stress was not associated with the incidence of MetS but was associated with its hypertension component, which was independent of PA and aerobic fitness. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-88f8780a62be41328da1ca4a0ce18977 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2297-055X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine |
| spelling | doaj-art-88f8780a62be41328da1ca4a0ce189772025-08-21T05:27:16ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine2297-055X2025-08-011210.3389/fcvm.2025.14324641432464Mental stress and the risks of metabolic syndrome and related components in military personnel: CHIEF cohort studyKun-Zhe Tsai0Kun-Zhe Tsai1Kun-Zhe Tsai2Ko-Huan Lin3Ai-Hsiu Hung4Yun-Chen Chang5Yun-Chen Chang6Xuemei Sui7Carl J. Lavie8Gen-Min Lin9Gen-Min Lin10Department of Medicine, Hualien Armed Forces General Hospital, Hualien City, TaiwanDepartment of Stomatology of Periodontology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, TaiwanDepartments of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, TaiwanDepartment of Psychiatry, Hualien Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien City, TaiwanDepartment of Nursing, Hualien Armed Forces General Hospital, Hualien, TaiwanNursing Department, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, TaiwanSchool of Nursing and Graduate Institute of Nursing, China Medical University, Taichung, TaiwanArnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United StatesJohn Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United StatesDepartment of Medicine, Hualien Armed Forces General Hospital, Hualien City, Taiwan0Departments of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, TaiwanBackgroundThe association observed between mental stress and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has varied across studies and may be confounded by physical activity (PA) and fitness status.MethodThis study included a military cohort of 2,854 participants in Taiwan who were not taking any medications and were free of baseline MetS. The Brief Symptoms Rating Scale (BSRS-5) includes five domains—depression, anxiety, hostility, insomnia, and interpersonal sensitivity—measured on a five-point Likert-type scale ranging from 0 to 4, with a maximum score of 20. PA (hrs/wk) was categorized into three levels: <150, 150–299 and ≥300. Aerobic fitness was evaluated by the amount of time taken to complete a 3,000 m run. MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis with adjustments for potential covariates including PA and aerobic fitness was utilized to determine the associations of BSRS-5 scores (each 1-unit score increase) with the incidence of MetS and related features.ResultsDuring a median follow-up period of 5.8 years, 662 new-onset cases of MetS (23.2%) developed. BSRS-5 scores were not associated with the risk of new-onset MetS [hazard ratio (HR): 1.006 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.975, 1.039]]. Among the five MetS features, the only one associated with BSRS-5 scores was the risk of new-onset hypertension [HR: 1.038 (95% CI: 1.002, 1.075)], which was defined as blood pressure ≥130/85 mmHg or the use of antihypertensive medications, among 2,405 participants free of baseline hypertension.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that in young adult military personnel, mental stress was not associated with the incidence of MetS but was associated with its hypertension component, which was independent of PA and aerobic fitness.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2025.1432464/fullcohort studymental stressmetabolic syndromemilitary personnelhypertension |
| spellingShingle | Kun-Zhe Tsai Kun-Zhe Tsai Kun-Zhe Tsai Ko-Huan Lin Ai-Hsiu Hung Yun-Chen Chang Yun-Chen Chang Xuemei Sui Carl J. Lavie Gen-Min Lin Gen-Min Lin Mental stress and the risks of metabolic syndrome and related components in military personnel: CHIEF cohort study Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine cohort study mental stress metabolic syndrome military personnel hypertension |
| title | Mental stress and the risks of metabolic syndrome and related components in military personnel: CHIEF cohort study |
| title_full | Mental stress and the risks of metabolic syndrome and related components in military personnel: CHIEF cohort study |
| title_fullStr | Mental stress and the risks of metabolic syndrome and related components in military personnel: CHIEF cohort study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mental stress and the risks of metabolic syndrome and related components in military personnel: CHIEF cohort study |
| title_short | Mental stress and the risks of metabolic syndrome and related components in military personnel: CHIEF cohort study |
| title_sort | mental stress and the risks of metabolic syndrome and related components in military personnel chief cohort study |
| topic | cohort study mental stress metabolic syndrome military personnel hypertension |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2025.1432464/full |
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