The Toxic Effects of Environmental Domoic Acid Exposure on Humans and Marine Wildlife
Biotoxins produced by harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a substantial global threat to ocean and human health. Domoic acid (DA) is one such biotoxin whose negative impacts are forecasted to increase with climate change and coastal development. This manuscript serves as a review of DA toxicosis after e...
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| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Marine Drugs |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/23/2/61 |
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| author | Ami E. Krasner Margaret E. Martinez Cara L. Field Spencer E. Fire |
| author_facet | Ami E. Krasner Margaret E. Martinez Cara L. Field Spencer E. Fire |
| author_sort | Ami E. Krasner |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Biotoxins produced by harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a substantial global threat to ocean and human health. Domoic acid (DA) is one such biotoxin whose negative impacts are forecasted to increase with climate change and coastal development. This manuscript serves as a review of DA toxicosis after environmental exposure in humans and wildlife, including an introduction to HAB toxins, the history of DA toxicosis, DA production, toxicokinetic properties of DA, susceptibility, clinical signs, DA detection methods and other diagnostic tests, time course of toxicosis, treatment, prognostics, and recommendations for future research. Additionally, we highlight the utility of California sea lions (CSLs; <i>Zalophus californianus</i>) as a model and sentinel of environmental DA exposure. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-88d1b6382bc144dfad5732ce7bdf2177 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1660-3397 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Marine Drugs |
| spelling | doaj-art-88d1b6382bc144dfad5732ce7bdf21772025-08-20T02:03:28ZengMDPI AGMarine Drugs1660-33972025-01-012326110.3390/md23020061The Toxic Effects of Environmental Domoic Acid Exposure on Humans and Marine WildlifeAmi E. Krasner0Margaret E. Martinez1Cara L. Field2Spencer E. Fire3Florida Institute of Technology, Department of Ocean Engineering and Marine Sciences, Melbourne, FL 32901, USAThe Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, CA 94965, USAThe Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, CA 94965, USAFlorida Institute of Technology, Department of Ocean Engineering and Marine Sciences, Melbourne, FL 32901, USABiotoxins produced by harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a substantial global threat to ocean and human health. Domoic acid (DA) is one such biotoxin whose negative impacts are forecasted to increase with climate change and coastal development. This manuscript serves as a review of DA toxicosis after environmental exposure in humans and wildlife, including an introduction to HAB toxins, the history of DA toxicosis, DA production, toxicokinetic properties of DA, susceptibility, clinical signs, DA detection methods and other diagnostic tests, time course of toxicosis, treatment, prognostics, and recommendations for future research. Additionally, we highlight the utility of California sea lions (CSLs; <i>Zalophus californianus</i>) as a model and sentinel of environmental DA exposure.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/23/2/61domoic acid toxicosisharmful algal bloomsbiotoxinmarine wildlifeamnesic shellfish poisoningglutamate receptor |
| spellingShingle | Ami E. Krasner Margaret E. Martinez Cara L. Field Spencer E. Fire The Toxic Effects of Environmental Domoic Acid Exposure on Humans and Marine Wildlife Marine Drugs domoic acid toxicosis harmful algal blooms biotoxin marine wildlife amnesic shellfish poisoning glutamate receptor |
| title | The Toxic Effects of Environmental Domoic Acid Exposure on Humans and Marine Wildlife |
| title_full | The Toxic Effects of Environmental Domoic Acid Exposure on Humans and Marine Wildlife |
| title_fullStr | The Toxic Effects of Environmental Domoic Acid Exposure on Humans and Marine Wildlife |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Toxic Effects of Environmental Domoic Acid Exposure on Humans and Marine Wildlife |
| title_short | The Toxic Effects of Environmental Domoic Acid Exposure on Humans and Marine Wildlife |
| title_sort | toxic effects of environmental domoic acid exposure on humans and marine wildlife |
| topic | domoic acid toxicosis harmful algal blooms biotoxin marine wildlife amnesic shellfish poisoning glutamate receptor |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/23/2/61 |
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