The indication of double-sensors in living plant cells on the invisible damage of soybean plants under low-dose La(III) exposure

Rare earth elements (REEs) are a type of frequently reported emerging pollutant that affects plant growth. The harm caused by continuous exposure to low-dose REEs has rarely been studied. Quickly, accurately, and non-invasively monitoring the continuous influence of low-dose REEs on plant growth in...

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Main Authors: Xin Wang, Yue Ben, Wanxin Liu, Qing Zhou, Lihong Wang, Xiaohua Huang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-07-01
Series:Ecological Indicators
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X25005795
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author Xin Wang
Yue Ben
Wanxin Liu
Qing Zhou
Lihong Wang
Xiaohua Huang
author_facet Xin Wang
Yue Ben
Wanxin Liu
Qing Zhou
Lihong Wang
Xiaohua Huang
author_sort Xin Wang
collection DOAJ
description Rare earth elements (REEs) are a type of frequently reported emerging pollutant that affects plant growth. The harm caused by continuous exposure to low-dose REEs has rarely been studied. Quickly, accurately, and non-invasively monitoring the continuous influence of low-dose REEs on plant growth in situ is key to indicating and warning of its harm to plants and ecosystems. In this study, after continuous exposure to low-dose lanthanum [La(III), a REE] for 14 days, invisible damage occurred in leaf cells, and La accumulated continuously in the soybean plants (leaves > stems > roots > pods > seeds), causing potential human health risks. Two proteins [vitronectin-like protein (VN) and arabinogalactan proteins (AGP)] in leaf cells that bound La(III) were selected as biomarkers, and changes in these two proteins were detected by constructing dual-sensors in living leaf cells after continuous exposure to low-dose La(III) for 14 days. The results showed that the electrochemical outputs from leaf cells–the electron transfer resistance Ret(VN) and Ret(AGP)–were related to the damage indices such as MDA, chlorophyll content, electrolyte leakage, cell vitality, fresh and dry weight of leaves, and leaf area. Using this output, two warning intervals of visible damage were obtained: Ret(VN) was 8.53 %–47.22 %, and Ret(AGP) was 12.75 %–51.31 %. This study successfully demonstrated the real-time in situ detection of plant cell biomarker changes and invisible damage under low-dose La(III) exposure, providing methods for early warning monitoring of plant damage caused by low-dose continuous exposure to REEs.
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spelling doaj-art-88a4e47d9bea45d08b9e48e2727035002025-08-20T02:35:47ZengElsevierEcological Indicators1470-160X2025-07-0117611364910.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113649The indication of double-sensors in living plant cells on the invisible damage of soybean plants under low-dose La(III) exposureXin Wang0Yue Ben1Wanxin Liu2Qing Zhou3Lihong Wang4Xiaohua Huang5State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, ChinaPeking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences in Weifang, Shandong 261325, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences in Weifang, Shandong 261325, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences in Weifang, Shandong 261325, China; Corresponding authors at: Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences in Weifang, Shandong 261325, China.Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences in Weifang, Shandong 261325, China; Corresponding authors at: Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences in Weifang, Shandong 261325, China.Rare earth elements (REEs) are a type of frequently reported emerging pollutant that affects plant growth. The harm caused by continuous exposure to low-dose REEs has rarely been studied. Quickly, accurately, and non-invasively monitoring the continuous influence of low-dose REEs on plant growth in situ is key to indicating and warning of its harm to plants and ecosystems. In this study, after continuous exposure to low-dose lanthanum [La(III), a REE] for 14 days, invisible damage occurred in leaf cells, and La accumulated continuously in the soybean plants (leaves > stems > roots > pods > seeds), causing potential human health risks. Two proteins [vitronectin-like protein (VN) and arabinogalactan proteins (AGP)] in leaf cells that bound La(III) were selected as biomarkers, and changes in these two proteins were detected by constructing dual-sensors in living leaf cells after continuous exposure to low-dose La(III) for 14 days. The results showed that the electrochemical outputs from leaf cells–the electron transfer resistance Ret(VN) and Ret(AGP)–were related to the damage indices such as MDA, chlorophyll content, electrolyte leakage, cell vitality, fresh and dry weight of leaves, and leaf area. Using this output, two warning intervals of visible damage were obtained: Ret(VN) was 8.53 %–47.22 %, and Ret(AGP) was 12.75 %–51.31 %. This study successfully demonstrated the real-time in situ detection of plant cell biomarker changes and invisible damage under low-dose La(III) exposure, providing methods for early warning monitoring of plant damage caused by low-dose continuous exposure to REEs.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X25005795low-dose La(III)Continuous exposureInvisible damageLive-cell dual sensorEarly warning
spellingShingle Xin Wang
Yue Ben
Wanxin Liu
Qing Zhou
Lihong Wang
Xiaohua Huang
The indication of double-sensors in living plant cells on the invisible damage of soybean plants under low-dose La(III) exposure
Ecological Indicators
low-dose La(III)
Continuous exposure
Invisible damage
Live-cell dual sensor
Early warning
title The indication of double-sensors in living plant cells on the invisible damage of soybean plants under low-dose La(III) exposure
title_full The indication of double-sensors in living plant cells on the invisible damage of soybean plants under low-dose La(III) exposure
title_fullStr The indication of double-sensors in living plant cells on the invisible damage of soybean plants under low-dose La(III) exposure
title_full_unstemmed The indication of double-sensors in living plant cells on the invisible damage of soybean plants under low-dose La(III) exposure
title_short The indication of double-sensors in living plant cells on the invisible damage of soybean plants under low-dose La(III) exposure
title_sort indication of double sensors in living plant cells on the invisible damage of soybean plants under low dose la iii exposure
topic low-dose La(III)
Continuous exposure
Invisible damage
Live-cell dual sensor
Early warning
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X25005795
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