<i>In Vitro</i> Evaluation of Silver-NHC Complexes Against a Clinical Isolate of <i>Acanthamoeba castellanii</i>: Time- and Dose-Dependent Effects
The synthesis of a series of six chloro[<i>N</i>-alkyl-<i>N</i>-cinnamyl-benzimidazol-2-yliden]silver(I) complexes was successfully achieved, wherein allyl (<b>3a</b>), methoxymethyl (<b>3b</b>), benzyl (<b>3c</b>), 3-fluorobenzyl (<b>...
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2025-06-01
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| author | Zübeyda Akın-Polat Neslihan Şahin Shaima Hkiri Bui Minh Thu Ly İsmail Özdemir David Sémeril |
| author_facet | Zübeyda Akın-Polat Neslihan Şahin Shaima Hkiri Bui Minh Thu Ly İsmail Özdemir David Sémeril |
| author_sort | Zübeyda Akın-Polat |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The synthesis of a series of six chloro[<i>N</i>-alkyl-<i>N</i>-cinnamyl-benzimidazol-2-yliden]silver(I) complexes was successfully achieved, wherein allyl (<b>3a</b>), methoxymethyl (<b>3b</b>), benzyl (<b>3c</b>), 3-fluorobenzyl (<b>3d</b>), 4-fluorobenzyl (<b>3e</b>) and 4-methyl-benzyl (<b>3f</b>) substituents were grafted on the benzimidazole ring. The isolated silver <i>N</i>-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes were identified by microanalyses and mass spectrometry and characterized by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopic techniques. Conclusive evidence for the structures of complexes <b>3c</b> and <b>3d</b> was provided by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The <i>in vitro</i> inhibitory activity of the six Ag-NHC complexes was tested against trophozoites and cysts of the pathogenic <i>Acanthamoeba castellanii</i> strain and the efficacy sequence is as follows: <b>3d</b> > <b>3c</b> > <b>3f</b> > <b>3a</b> > <b>3b</b> > <b>3e</b>. At a concentration of 100 µM in complexes <b>3c</b>, <b>3d</b> and <b>3f</b> and after 72 h of incubation, 5.3, 3.2 and 6.3% <i>A. castellanii</i> trophozoite viabilities were observed, respectively. The utilization of elevated silver(I) drug concentrations, 1000 µM, resulted in the near-total eradication of pathogenic protozoa. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-88a1faf53b8d4cbca779e858968411e7 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2304-6740 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Inorganics |
| spelling | doaj-art-88a1faf53b8d4cbca779e858968411e72025-08-20T03:27:19ZengMDPI AGInorganics2304-67402025-06-0113620410.3390/inorganics13060204<i>In Vitro</i> Evaluation of Silver-NHC Complexes Against a Clinical Isolate of <i>Acanthamoeba castellanii</i>: Time- and Dose-Dependent EffectsZübeyda Akın-Polat0Neslihan Şahin1Shaima Hkiri2Bui Minh Thu Ly3İsmail Özdemir4David Sémeril5Departments of Medical Parasitology, Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, 58140 Sivas, TürkiyeDepartment of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Cumhuriyet University, 58040 Sivas, TürkiyeSynthèse Organométallique et Catalyse, UMR-CNRS 7177, Strasbourg University, 67008 Strasbourg, FranceSynthèse Organométallique et Catalyse, UMR-CNRS 7177, Strasbourg University, 67008 Strasbourg, FranceDrug Application and Research Center, İnönü University, 44280 Malatya, TurkeySynthèse Organométallique et Catalyse, UMR-CNRS 7177, Strasbourg University, 67008 Strasbourg, FranceThe synthesis of a series of six chloro[<i>N</i>-alkyl-<i>N</i>-cinnamyl-benzimidazol-2-yliden]silver(I) complexes was successfully achieved, wherein allyl (<b>3a</b>), methoxymethyl (<b>3b</b>), benzyl (<b>3c</b>), 3-fluorobenzyl (<b>3d</b>), 4-fluorobenzyl (<b>3e</b>) and 4-methyl-benzyl (<b>3f</b>) substituents were grafted on the benzimidazole ring. The isolated silver <i>N</i>-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes were identified by microanalyses and mass spectrometry and characterized by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopic techniques. Conclusive evidence for the structures of complexes <b>3c</b> and <b>3d</b> was provided by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The <i>in vitro</i> inhibitory activity of the six Ag-NHC complexes was tested against trophozoites and cysts of the pathogenic <i>Acanthamoeba castellanii</i> strain and the efficacy sequence is as follows: <b>3d</b> > <b>3c</b> > <b>3f</b> > <b>3a</b> > <b>3b</b> > <b>3e</b>. At a concentration of 100 µM in complexes <b>3c</b>, <b>3d</b> and <b>3f</b> and after 72 h of incubation, 5.3, 3.2 and 6.3% <i>A. castellanii</i> trophozoite viabilities were observed, respectively. The utilization of elevated silver(I) drug concentrations, 1000 µM, resulted in the near-total eradication of pathogenic protozoa.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6740/13/6/204silver <i>N</i>-heterocyclic carbene complexesspectroscopic techniquesX-ray crystal structures<i>Acanthamoeba castellanii</i><i>in vitro</i> evaluation |
| spellingShingle | Zübeyda Akın-Polat Neslihan Şahin Shaima Hkiri Bui Minh Thu Ly İsmail Özdemir David Sémeril <i>In Vitro</i> Evaluation of Silver-NHC Complexes Against a Clinical Isolate of <i>Acanthamoeba castellanii</i>: Time- and Dose-Dependent Effects Inorganics silver <i>N</i>-heterocyclic carbene complexes spectroscopic techniques X-ray crystal structures <i>Acanthamoeba castellanii</i> <i>in vitro</i> evaluation |
| title | <i>In Vitro</i> Evaluation of Silver-NHC Complexes Against a Clinical Isolate of <i>Acanthamoeba castellanii</i>: Time- and Dose-Dependent Effects |
| title_full | <i>In Vitro</i> Evaluation of Silver-NHC Complexes Against a Clinical Isolate of <i>Acanthamoeba castellanii</i>: Time- and Dose-Dependent Effects |
| title_fullStr | <i>In Vitro</i> Evaluation of Silver-NHC Complexes Against a Clinical Isolate of <i>Acanthamoeba castellanii</i>: Time- and Dose-Dependent Effects |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>In Vitro</i> Evaluation of Silver-NHC Complexes Against a Clinical Isolate of <i>Acanthamoeba castellanii</i>: Time- and Dose-Dependent Effects |
| title_short | <i>In Vitro</i> Evaluation of Silver-NHC Complexes Against a Clinical Isolate of <i>Acanthamoeba castellanii</i>: Time- and Dose-Dependent Effects |
| title_sort | i in vitro i evaluation of silver nhc complexes against a clinical isolate of i acanthamoeba castellanii i time and dose dependent effects |
| topic | silver <i>N</i>-heterocyclic carbene complexes spectroscopic techniques X-ray crystal structures <i>Acanthamoeba castellanii</i> <i>in vitro</i> evaluation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6740/13/6/204 |
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