Structure of loop space at finite N

Abstract The space of invariants for a single matrix is generated by traces containing at most N matrices per trace. We extend this analysis to multi-matrix models at finite N. Using the Molien-Weyl formula, we compute partition functions for various multi-matrix models at different N and interpret...

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Main Authors: Robert de Mello Koch, Antal Jevicki
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: SpringerOpen 2025-06-01
Series:Journal of High Energy Physics
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP06(2025)011
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author Robert de Mello Koch
Antal Jevicki
author_facet Robert de Mello Koch
Antal Jevicki
author_sort Robert de Mello Koch
collection DOAJ
description Abstract The space of invariants for a single matrix is generated by traces containing at most N matrices per trace. We extend this analysis to multi-matrix models at finite N. Using the Molien-Weyl formula, we compute partition functions for various multi-matrix models at different N and interpret them through trace relations. This allows us to identify a complete set of invariants, naturally divided into two distinct classes: primary and secondary. The full invariant ring of the multi-matrix model is reconstructed via the Hironaka decomposition, where primary invariants act freely, while secondary invariants satisfy quadratic relations. Significantly, while traces with at most N matrices are always present, we also find invariants involving more than N matrices per trace. The primary invariants correspond to perturbative degrees of freedom, whereas the secondary invariants emerge as non-trivial background structures. The growth of secondary invariants aligns with expectations from black hole entropy, suggesting deep structural connections to gravitational systems.
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spelling doaj-art-88764c6583e446ddbd2ba30097eb19b52025-08-20T03:04:08ZengSpringerOpenJournal of High Energy Physics1029-84792025-06-012025614610.1007/JHEP06(2025)011Structure of loop space at finite NRobert de Mello Koch0Antal Jevicki1School of Science, Huzhou UniversityDepartment of Physics, Brown UniversityAbstract The space of invariants for a single matrix is generated by traces containing at most N matrices per trace. We extend this analysis to multi-matrix models at finite N. Using the Molien-Weyl formula, we compute partition functions for various multi-matrix models at different N and interpret them through trace relations. This allows us to identify a complete set of invariants, naturally divided into two distinct classes: primary and secondary. The full invariant ring of the multi-matrix model is reconstructed via the Hironaka decomposition, where primary invariants act freely, while secondary invariants satisfy quadratic relations. Significantly, while traces with at most N matrices are always present, we also find invariants involving more than N matrices per trace. The primary invariants correspond to perturbative degrees of freedom, whereas the secondary invariants emerge as non-trivial background structures. The growth of secondary invariants aligns with expectations from black hole entropy, suggesting deep structural connections to gravitational systems.https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP06(2025)0111/N ExpansionAdS-CFT CorrespondenceGauge-Gravity Correspondence
spellingShingle Robert de Mello Koch
Antal Jevicki
Structure of loop space at finite N
Journal of High Energy Physics
1/N Expansion
AdS-CFT Correspondence
Gauge-Gravity Correspondence
title Structure of loop space at finite N
title_full Structure of loop space at finite N
title_fullStr Structure of loop space at finite N
title_full_unstemmed Structure of loop space at finite N
title_short Structure of loop space at finite N
title_sort structure of loop space at finite n
topic 1/N Expansion
AdS-CFT Correspondence
Gauge-Gravity Correspondence
url https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP06(2025)011
work_keys_str_mv AT robertdemellokoch structureofloopspaceatfiniten
AT antaljevicki structureofloopspaceatfiniten