An Integrated Decision-Making Framework for Enhancing Blockchain Scalability and Efficiency: Layer-2, Off-Chain Storage, and Smart Contracts
Blockchain technology has advanced trust and transparency across various sectors, yet persistent limitations remain in scalability, data storage, and smart contract efficiency. Existing research addresses these issues individually, via Layer 2 (L2) scaling, off-chain storage, or contract-level optim...
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| Format: | Article |
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IEEE
2025-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Access |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11113254/ |
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| author | Khoa Tan Vo Hong-Tri Nguyen Tu-Anh Nguyen-Hoang |
| author_facet | Khoa Tan Vo Hong-Tri Nguyen Tu-Anh Nguyen-Hoang |
| author_sort | Khoa Tan Vo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Blockchain technology has advanced trust and transparency across various sectors, yet persistent limitations remain in scalability, data storage, and smart contract efficiency. Existing research addresses these issues individually, via Layer 2 (L2) scaling, off-chain storage, or contract-level optimizations, but lacks an integrated methodology to guide system-level design. This paper proposes a unified decision-making framework for systematically evaluating and balancing trade-offs among performance, cost, and security across blockchain layers. Drawing on a comprehensive review of foundational and recent literature, the framework introduces quantifiable metrics, including the Scalability Necessity Factor (ScaNF), the Cost Efficiency Factor (CEF), and the Security Necessity Factor (SecNF), to support architecture-level decisions. Through formalized evaluation criteria, it enables developers to identify when and how to adopt L2 rollups, off-chain storage models, and smart contract optimizations. The framework is positioned as a generalizable tool for designing efficient, scalable, and secure blockchain applications in practice. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-88151dd131bf498fa672953afe03db96 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Access |
| spelling | doaj-art-88151dd131bf498fa672953afe03db962025-08-20T04:02:18ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362025-01-011313832813835110.1109/ACCESS.2025.359602111113254An Integrated Decision-Making Framework for Enhancing Blockchain Scalability and Efficiency: Layer-2, Off-Chain Storage, and Smart ContractsKhoa Tan Vo0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5343-1686Hong-Tri Nguyen1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6483-0829Tu-Anh Nguyen-Hoang2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9283-769XFaculty of Information Science and Engineering, University of Information Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, VietnamDepartment of Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, FinlandFaculty of Information Science and Engineering, University of Information Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, VietnamBlockchain technology has advanced trust and transparency across various sectors, yet persistent limitations remain in scalability, data storage, and smart contract efficiency. Existing research addresses these issues individually, via Layer 2 (L2) scaling, off-chain storage, or contract-level optimizations, but lacks an integrated methodology to guide system-level design. This paper proposes a unified decision-making framework for systematically evaluating and balancing trade-offs among performance, cost, and security across blockchain layers. Drawing on a comprehensive review of foundational and recent literature, the framework introduces quantifiable metrics, including the Scalability Necessity Factor (ScaNF), the Cost Efficiency Factor (CEF), and the Security Necessity Factor (SecNF), to support architecture-level decisions. Through formalized evaluation criteria, it enables developers to identify when and how to adopt L2 rollups, off-chain storage models, and smart contract optimizations. The framework is positioned as a generalizable tool for designing efficient, scalable, and secure blockchain applications in practice.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11113254/Blockchainlayer-2 scalingoff-chain storagesmart contract efficiency |
| spellingShingle | Khoa Tan Vo Hong-Tri Nguyen Tu-Anh Nguyen-Hoang An Integrated Decision-Making Framework for Enhancing Blockchain Scalability and Efficiency: Layer-2, Off-Chain Storage, and Smart Contracts IEEE Access Blockchain layer-2 scaling off-chain storage smart contract efficiency |
| title | An Integrated Decision-Making Framework for Enhancing Blockchain Scalability and Efficiency: Layer-2, Off-Chain Storage, and Smart Contracts |
| title_full | An Integrated Decision-Making Framework for Enhancing Blockchain Scalability and Efficiency: Layer-2, Off-Chain Storage, and Smart Contracts |
| title_fullStr | An Integrated Decision-Making Framework for Enhancing Blockchain Scalability and Efficiency: Layer-2, Off-Chain Storage, and Smart Contracts |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Integrated Decision-Making Framework for Enhancing Blockchain Scalability and Efficiency: Layer-2, Off-Chain Storage, and Smart Contracts |
| title_short | An Integrated Decision-Making Framework for Enhancing Blockchain Scalability and Efficiency: Layer-2, Off-Chain Storage, and Smart Contracts |
| title_sort | integrated decision making framework for enhancing blockchain scalability and efficiency layer 2 off chain storage and smart contracts |
| topic | Blockchain layer-2 scaling off-chain storage smart contract efficiency |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11113254/ |
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