Solid State Transformer Controls for Mitigation of E3a High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse Insults
This paper explores the use of a solid state transformer (SST) to mitigate the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn><mi>A</mi>...
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2025-02-01
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| author | Connor A. Lehman Rush D. Robinett Wayne W. Weaver David G. Wilson |
| author_facet | Connor A. Lehman Rush D. Robinett Wayne W. Weaver David G. Wilson |
| author_sort | Connor A. Lehman |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper explores the use of a solid state transformer (SST) to mitigate the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> component of a high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) insult using external energy storage optimal control techniques. In lieu of conventional passive blocking devices or feedback-controlled energy storage devices, a novel implementation of Hamiltonian error tracking is utilized to develop a feedback control law for the variable converter ratio in an SST. The findings of the simulations performed in this paper suggest that additional energy storage is not necessary to protect an individual load from a HEMP insult. The simulations performed examine the response of a single-phase SST connected to a single voltage source on a long transmission line on the one side and a single linear resistor on the other. The control law is specifically developed for the late-time, low-frequency portion of a HEMP insult, namely the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> components. The Hamiltonian error-based converter ratio control law is compared with nonlinear optimal feedforward controls to show that the HSSPFC is an external energy storage optimal controller. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8812ad0eee9f4e1cb71c693ae6fc1ad7 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj-art-8812ad0eee9f4e1cb71c693ae6fc1ad72025-08-20T02:05:09ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732025-02-01185105510.3390/en18051055Solid State Transformer Controls for Mitigation of E3a High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse InsultsConnor A. Lehman0Rush D. Robinett1Wayne W. Weaver2David G. Wilson3Electrical Sciences, Sandia National Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USADepartment of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Michigan Technical University, Houghton, MI 49931, USADepartment of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Michigan Technical University, Houghton, MI 49931, USAElectrical Sciences, Sandia National Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USAThis paper explores the use of a solid state transformer (SST) to mitigate the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> component of a high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) insult using external energy storage optimal control techniques. In lieu of conventional passive blocking devices or feedback-controlled energy storage devices, a novel implementation of Hamiltonian error tracking is utilized to develop a feedback control law for the variable converter ratio in an SST. The findings of the simulations performed in this paper suggest that additional energy storage is not necessary to protect an individual load from a HEMP insult. The simulations performed examine the response of a single-phase SST connected to a single voltage source on a long transmission line on the one side and a single linear resistor on the other. The control law is specifically developed for the late-time, low-frequency portion of a HEMP insult, namely the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> components. The Hamiltonian error-based converter ratio control law is compared with nonlinear optimal feedforward controls to show that the HSSPFC is an external energy storage optimal controller.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/5/1055HSSPFCHamiltonianHamiltonian surface shaping and power flow controlhigh-altitude electromagnetic pulsesolid state transformerHEMP mitigation |
| spellingShingle | Connor A. Lehman Rush D. Robinett Wayne W. Weaver David G. Wilson Solid State Transformer Controls for Mitigation of E3a High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse Insults Energies HSSPFC Hamiltonian Hamiltonian surface shaping and power flow control high-altitude electromagnetic pulse solid state transformer HEMP mitigation |
| title | Solid State Transformer Controls for Mitigation of E3a High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse Insults |
| title_full | Solid State Transformer Controls for Mitigation of E3a High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse Insults |
| title_fullStr | Solid State Transformer Controls for Mitigation of E3a High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse Insults |
| title_full_unstemmed | Solid State Transformer Controls for Mitigation of E3a High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse Insults |
| title_short | Solid State Transformer Controls for Mitigation of E3a High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse Insults |
| title_sort | solid state transformer controls for mitigation of e3a high altitude electromagnetic pulse insults |
| topic | HSSPFC Hamiltonian Hamiltonian surface shaping and power flow control high-altitude electromagnetic pulse solid state transformer HEMP mitigation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/5/1055 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT connoralehman solidstatetransformercontrolsformitigationofe3ahighaltitudeelectromagneticpulseinsults AT rushdrobinett solidstatetransformercontrolsformitigationofe3ahighaltitudeelectromagneticpulseinsults AT waynewweaver solidstatetransformercontrolsformitigationofe3ahighaltitudeelectromagneticpulseinsults AT davidgwilson solidstatetransformercontrolsformitigationofe3ahighaltitudeelectromagneticpulseinsults |