Ultra-Low Dielectric Constant Ca<sub>3</sub>(BO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> Microwave Ceramics and Their Performance Simulation in 5G Microstrip Patch Antennas
Ca<sub>3</sub>(BO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> microwave dielectric ceramics with space group R-3c (#167) were prepared by cold sintering, and their properties were systematically investigated. Phonon density of state diagrams for the Ca<sub>3</sub>(BO<...
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2025-06-01
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| Series: | Crystals |
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| author | Fangyuan Liu Fuzhou Song Wanghuai Zhu Zhengpu Zhang Zhonghua Yao Hanxing Liu Huaao Sun Guangran Lin Yue Xu Lingcui Zhang Yan Shen Jinbo Zhao Zeming Qi Feng Shi Jinghui Li |
| author_facet | Fangyuan Liu Fuzhou Song Wanghuai Zhu Zhengpu Zhang Zhonghua Yao Hanxing Liu Huaao Sun Guangran Lin Yue Xu Lingcui Zhang Yan Shen Jinbo Zhao Zeming Qi Feng Shi Jinghui Li |
| author_sort | Fangyuan Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ca<sub>3</sub>(BO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> microwave dielectric ceramics with space group R-3c (#167) were prepared by cold sintering, and their properties were systematically investigated. Phonon density of state diagrams for the Ca<sub>3</sub>(BO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> lattice were obtained based on first-principles calculations to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the lattice vibrational properties of the material. Raman scattering and infrared reflectance spectroscopy were employed to investigate the lattice vibrational characteristics, identifying two types of vibrational modes: internal modes associated with the planar bending and symmetric stretching vibrations of the [BO<sub>3</sub>] group, and external modes linked to the vibrations of the [CaO<sub>6</sub>] octahedron. The intrinsic dielectric properties were determined by fitting the experimental data using a four-parameter semi-quantum model. The results demonstrate that the dielectric properties of Ca<sub>3</sub>(BO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> ceramics are primarily influenced by the external vibrational modes. The sample under 800 MPa exhibits optimal dielectric performance, with a dielectric constant (<i>ε<sub>r</sub></i>) of 5.95, a quality factor (<i>Q</i> × <i>f</i>) of 11,836 GHz, and a temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (<i>τ<sub>f</sub></i>) of −39.89 ppm/°C. A simulation of this Ca<sub>3</sub>(BO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> sample as a dielectric substrate was conducted using HFSS to fabricate a microstrip patch antenna operating at 14.97 GHz, which exhibits a return loss (<i>S</i><sub>11</sub>) of −25.5 dB and a gain of 7.15 dBi. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-8811b5dcb956476ea2ab200cc198007f |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2073-4352 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Crystals |
| spelling | doaj-art-8811b5dcb956476ea2ab200cc198007f2025-08-20T03:32:12ZengMDPI AGCrystals2073-43522025-06-0115759910.3390/cryst15070599Ultra-Low Dielectric Constant Ca<sub>3</sub>(BO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> Microwave Ceramics and Their Performance Simulation in 5G Microstrip Patch AntennasFangyuan Liu0Fuzhou Song1Wanghuai Zhu2Zhengpu Zhang3Zhonghua Yao4Hanxing Liu5Huaao Sun6Guangran Lin7Yue Xu8Lingcui Zhang9Yan Shen10Jinbo Zhao11Zeming Qi12Feng Shi13Jinghui Li14Shandong Key Laboratory of Advanced Glass Manufacturing and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, ChinaShandong Key Laboratory of Advanced Glass Manufacturing and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, ChinaShandong Key Laboratory of Advanced Glass Manufacturing and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, ChinaShandong Key Laboratory of Advanced Glass Manufacturing and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, ChinaSchool of Material Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, ChinaSchool of Material Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, ChinaShandong Key Laboratory of Advanced Glass Manufacturing and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, ChinaShandong Key Laboratory of Advanced Glass Manufacturing and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, ChinaShandong Key Laboratory of Advanced Glass Manufacturing and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, ChinaShandong Key Laboratory of Advanced Glass Manufacturing and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, ChinaShandong Key Laboratory of Advanced Glass Manufacturing and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, ChinaShandong Key Laboratory of Advanced Glass Manufacturing and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, ChinaNational Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, ChinaShandong Key Laboratory of Advanced Glass Manufacturing and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, ChinaSchool of Mathematics and Statistics, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, ChinaCa<sub>3</sub>(BO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> microwave dielectric ceramics with space group R-3c (#167) were prepared by cold sintering, and their properties were systematically investigated. Phonon density of state diagrams for the Ca<sub>3</sub>(BO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> lattice were obtained based on first-principles calculations to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the lattice vibrational properties of the material. Raman scattering and infrared reflectance spectroscopy were employed to investigate the lattice vibrational characteristics, identifying two types of vibrational modes: internal modes associated with the planar bending and symmetric stretching vibrations of the [BO<sub>3</sub>] group, and external modes linked to the vibrations of the [CaO<sub>6</sub>] octahedron. The intrinsic dielectric properties were determined by fitting the experimental data using a four-parameter semi-quantum model. The results demonstrate that the dielectric properties of Ca<sub>3</sub>(BO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> ceramics are primarily influenced by the external vibrational modes. The sample under 800 MPa exhibits optimal dielectric performance, with a dielectric constant (<i>ε<sub>r</sub></i>) of 5.95, a quality factor (<i>Q</i> × <i>f</i>) of 11,836 GHz, and a temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (<i>τ<sub>f</sub></i>) of −39.89 ppm/°C. A simulation of this Ca<sub>3</sub>(BO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> sample as a dielectric substrate was conducted using HFSS to fabricate a microstrip patch antenna operating at 14.97 GHz, which exhibits a return loss (<i>S</i><sub>11</sub>) of −25.5 dB and a gain of 7.15 dBi.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/15/7/599microwave dielectric ceramicsphonon dispersion relation diagramslattice vibrational characteristicsdielectric responsemicrostrip patch antenna |
| spellingShingle | Fangyuan Liu Fuzhou Song Wanghuai Zhu Zhengpu Zhang Zhonghua Yao Hanxing Liu Huaao Sun Guangran Lin Yue Xu Lingcui Zhang Yan Shen Jinbo Zhao Zeming Qi Feng Shi Jinghui Li Ultra-Low Dielectric Constant Ca<sub>3</sub>(BO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> Microwave Ceramics and Their Performance Simulation in 5G Microstrip Patch Antennas Crystals microwave dielectric ceramics phonon dispersion relation diagrams lattice vibrational characteristics dielectric response microstrip patch antenna |
| title | Ultra-Low Dielectric Constant Ca<sub>3</sub>(BO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> Microwave Ceramics and Their Performance Simulation in 5G Microstrip Patch Antennas |
| title_full | Ultra-Low Dielectric Constant Ca<sub>3</sub>(BO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> Microwave Ceramics and Their Performance Simulation in 5G Microstrip Patch Antennas |
| title_fullStr | Ultra-Low Dielectric Constant Ca<sub>3</sub>(BO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> Microwave Ceramics and Their Performance Simulation in 5G Microstrip Patch Antennas |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ultra-Low Dielectric Constant Ca<sub>3</sub>(BO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> Microwave Ceramics and Their Performance Simulation in 5G Microstrip Patch Antennas |
| title_short | Ultra-Low Dielectric Constant Ca<sub>3</sub>(BO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> Microwave Ceramics and Their Performance Simulation in 5G Microstrip Patch Antennas |
| title_sort | ultra low dielectric constant ca sub 3 sub bo sub 3 sub sub 2 sub microwave ceramics and their performance simulation in 5g microstrip patch antennas |
| topic | microwave dielectric ceramics phonon dispersion relation diagrams lattice vibrational characteristics dielectric response microstrip patch antenna |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/15/7/599 |
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